The subjects of urban policy are the economic components of any processes and problems associated with the development of urban settlements, including the causes of the emergence and development of cities, the stabilization of urban growth, the emergence of crisis cities, and economic problems arising in the development of urban settlements. Issues under study can be divided into the following areas:
- The economic base of cities, forecasting its development, economic growth and stagnation of cities;
- engineering and economic foundations of urban planning and reconstruction;
- Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of urban planning solutions, including reconstruction projects;
- the effectiveness of urban land use.
In the study of the relationship of reconstruction with the directions of urban policy should be guided by the results of studies of some scientists and practitioners. For example, the engineering and economic foundations of the planning of cities and regions were identified by VG Davidovich in the book [4]. A significant contribution to the development of the national economy of urban planning was made by the studies of the Central Research Institute of Urban Planning, which included well-known specialists: Ya.P. Levchenko (economics of using urban areas), J. Wolfenzon (standards for the development of the socio-cultural subsystem of the city), G.А. Kaplan (economic bases of district planning, economic base of urban settlements), MS Weinberg (choice of effective number of floors of residential development), A.V. Kochetkov (effectiveness of urban planning decisions).
The main results of scientific activities in this area include methods for calculating the number of urban population (V.S. Demyanovsky), evaluating the effectiveness of urban planning solutions (A.V. Kochetkov), evaluating the effectiveness of reconstruction of residential buildings (L.Ya. Hertsberg), recommendations on the use of a systematic approach to assess alternatives for the development of territories (A.V. Kochetkov, L.Ya. Hertsberg).
The reconstruction project of the historical center of St. Petersburg is currently the basis for the implementation of joint projects to recreate the city’s architectural and town planning ensemble with the participation of the Government of the Russian Federation, private investors and philanthropists.
The directions of the town-planning policy of St. Petersburg within the framework of the reconstruction and restoration of historical and cultural monuments include:
- liquidation of the emergency condition of the buildings-monuments;
- effective use of historic buildings and complexes (the organic combination of profitability with a cultural-cognitive function);
- the creation of new urban museums, exhibition halls, memorial zones;
- legal, organizational and informational support of the investment process, including informational support of the investor, the owner of the property, the designer about the content of the historical and cultural regulations;
- expanding the boundaries of the list of objects allowed for privatization;
- improvement of the management system in the field of heritage protection.
The implementation of the pilot project “Yards of the Capella” allowed the city administration to carry out a comprehensive reconstruction of the quarter in the historical center and create a mechanism for working with real estate objects under the guard state and under the jurisdiction of the federal authorities, thereby recreating and preserving the historical image of the objects of reconstruction.
When reconstructing the historical center of St. Petersburg, one should be guided by the territorial construction norms of TSN 30-306-2002 “Reconstruction and development of the historical districts of St. Petersburg” (Appendix 2).
Firstly, immovable monuments of history and culture are subject to protection and use as a single whole with the territory of monuments and associated structures and other objects [5]. In this regard, when recreating a historical image, it is necessary to be guided by archival data illustrating not only a separate object, but also its entire historical infrastructure.
Secondly, immovable monuments of history and culture include buildings and structures, their ensembles and complexes, town-planning formations, historical and cultural landscapes, works of monumental art, memorials of historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value, as preserved entirely in the original form, and are in a ruined or fragmented state, as well as being part of the later objects. When evaluating and collecting information about monuments, their type should be clearly defined.
Another system for collecting reliable information is possible:
1. Monuments of history: of federal and local significance, as well as newly discovered objects of historical value.
2. Green areas of federal and local significance.
3. Reservoirs.
4. Bridges and embankments.
5. Complexes and ensembles of federal and local significance, as well as newly discovered ones.
6. Monuments of federal and local history.
7. Monuments of archeology newly discovered.
8. Monuments of federal and local significance, the location of which is not determined accurately.
In the same areas it is possible and a comprehensive assessment of objects of reconstruction.
As part of the urban development policy to change or preserve the functional purpose of real estate objects in the historical center of St. Petersburg, implementation of local investment projects in the following areas is envisaged:
- the creation of modern office and commercial buildings, hotels;
- modernization of residential buildings;
- improvement of open spaces and the creation of pedestrian shopping areas;
- development of quickly paid back projects of tourism, culture, trade.
Examples include the following projects: a multifunctional building on Malaya Dvoryanskaya Street, 4; Commercial building "Fashion Plus" (Kamennoostrovsky Ave, d. 37); hotels on the square Ostrovsky; residential building (Kamennoostrovsky Ave, 54); business center (Suvorovsky, d. 18).
The main areas of reconstruction of the transport infrastructure include:
- continuation of the formation of a system of arc and tangential high-class highways, providing unloading of the city center from transit transport flows;
- continuation of the construction and reconstruction of high-class access highways (mainly along the railway lines) to the borders of the historic center;
- exclusion of combining on the main highways of the center (Nevsky, Liteiny, Zagorodny, Kamennostrovsky Ave. of the Petrograd Side) powerful traffic and pedestrian flows, in particular, organizing a system of ring highways in the center, passing mainly along embankments, providing increased speed of traffic;
- ensuring the priority of public transport in the city center, including the development of a system of lanes for public transport on the main highways of the center;
- construction outside the multi-tiered aboveground and underground parking lots with increased fees and limiting the duration of parking in the city center;
- improvement of the ecological state of the main public zones of the city center with the organization of a system of pedestrian zones.
The main projects implemented by the City Administration in the field of development of the transport infrastructure of the historical center of St. Petersburg:
1. The first phase of the Western high-speed diameter.
2. Highway of continuous traffic along the embankments of the right bank of the Neva and along the northern bank of the Obvodny Canal.
3. Punching of embankments: Sinop, Robespierre, Makarov Petrogradskaya. Reconstruction of Pesochnaya Embankment.
4. New bridge in the alignment of Bolshoy Smolensky Ave., reconstruction of the bridges of Alexander Nevsky and Troitsky.
5. Punching the missing sections of the Central Arc Highway.
In the field of development of the engineering infrastructure of the historical center of St. Petersburg, the town-planning policy is aimed at eliminating the acute shortage of energy supply to the center, improving the quality of drinking water; termination of discharge of untreated effluent.
For this purpose, the following projects are being implemented:
1. Construction of substations PS 36A (10/110 KW) and "Central" (330/110 KW).
2. Reconstruction of the main waterworks.
3. Construction of tunnel sewers in the Petrograd district and on the Vyborg embankment.
Comprehensive landscaping of Nevsky Prospect allowed changing the appearance of the main thoroughfare of the city, making it safer and more comfortable for pedestrians and vehicles, increasing the investment attractiveness of the avenue and nearby streets. In accordance with the town-planning policy, the creation of favorable conditions for the development of business and tourism in the historical center will ensure the growth of economic activity, and, consequently, an increase in the volume of tax revenues to the budget.
The list of the federal target program “Preservation and Development of the Historic Center of St. Petersburg” includes 69 objects requiring reconstruction and restoration, which, for example, include: Admiralty, Academy of Sciences, Academy of Arts, Alexander Gate, Alexander Column, Anichkov Palace, Blagoveshchensk Church , State Archive of the Russian Federation on Pskovskaya St., Bezborodko Dacha, Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace, Mertens House, Garden Master's House, Elagino-Ostrov Palace, St. Isaac's Cathedral, Kazan Cathedral, Grenada Barracks Russian regiment, Kamennoostrovsky Palace, Kamennoostrovsky Theater, Kikiny Chambers, Conservatory, Kunstkamera, Menshikovsky Palace, Marble Palace, Kshesinskaya Mansion, Pushkin House, Russian Museum, St. Sampson Cathedral, Smolny Institute, Smolny Cathedral, Savior on Blood Cathedral, St. Peter and Paul, the Stroganov Palace, the estate "Alexandrino", the Manor Beloselsky-Belozersky, the Church of John the Baptist, the Chesme Palace.
To date, the following zones of active urban development are highlighted: the construction of modern world-class commercial business centers, an increase in office space; the elimination of the crisis zones and the liberation of the center from its unusual functions.
The first-turn zones of these transformations include: Nevsky, including 1a - quarter 130, 1b - quarter 220; Moscow railway station (high-speed highway project in the high-speed rail line); Nikolsky market; Apraksin yard; Konyushennaya Square; Tuchkov Buyan; Krestovsky Island; square Labor.
At the 2nd stage, the reconstruction is proposed: “New Holland”, “Yamskaya Sloboda”, “Smolensky”, “Primorsky”, Sennaya Square, “Koltovskaya Sloboda”.
As part of the implementation of the town planning policy, project proposals are being developed in areas of active urban planning transformations: improvement of the Nevsky Prospect from Sadovaya. to Mikhailovskaya st. (KGA General Plan Bureau, workshop No. 3), the design of the VSM SPB-Moscow station complex (general designer - HOK International Limited, London, subconsultant for architectural and engineering issues - LenNIIproekt OJSC, workshop under the supervision of PI Yushkantsev), Apraksin yard development as a multifunctional public center (workshop "Center" LenNIPIGenplan), the implementation of the layout to the feasibility study for the reconstruction of the Small Gostiny Dvor (PTAM BV Nikolashchenko), an illustration to the project of Yu.I. Zemtsova "The development of the underground space of Labor Square" (architect BG Kostygov).
For improve the living conditions of the population and the most efficient use of urban space; in assessing the reconstruction of the historic center facilities, it is necessary to take into account all social and market factors. As an example, consider residential properties in the city center. For low-income people, the cost of housing is important; for the middle-income - the prestige of the area; for wealthy and well-paid families, the geographical location and environmental cleanliness of the place of residence are important. Although residual phenomena of universal social equality are still noticeable, for example, in utility bills and rent, as well as in various social payments and transfers, differentiation in housing facilities has already been noted.
Market conditions put their limitations in the form of competition for the best land. At the same time, the desire to live in prestigious areas is very popular among highly paid categories. It is possible to increase the revenue part of the city budget by increasing the amount of taxes collected (and rent) from the land. The city budget should play a major role in the reconstruction of the historical center of St. Petersburg, otherwise one of the main conditions for the existence of cities will not be fulfilled: the improvement of the social conditions of the population.
For the period 1998-2001. In the framework of the World Bank loan for the reconstruction and development of the historical center of St. Petersburg, with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Administration of St. Petersburg, heads of construction companies, leading cultural institutions of the city, experts and other specialists, a set of measures was implemented aimed at preserving the historical center of the city and creating favorable conditions for the inflow of private investment in the reconstruction of real estate. At the same time, by attracting funds from the loan, the main directions of the “Investment strategy for the reconstruction of the center of St. Petersburg” were formed. In accordance with the requirements of the World Bank for the implementation of projects in the field of construction, 10% of the contract amount is reserved. According to the loan concept, the preparation and implementation of projects for the reconstruction of individual territories in the historical center of St. Petersburg are designed to help the city administration to gain additional experience with private investors in real estate and to make positive changes in the appearance of the city.
Thus, all of the listed economic components of the reconstruction assessment meet the basic requirements of the urban planning policy of St. Petersburg and imply an economic justification for the following areas of its implementation:
- reconstruction and restoration of unique historical and cultural monuments;
- construction and reconstruction of objects of social importance;
- reconstruction of historic bridges and embankments;
- tidying transport communications;
- improvement of engineering infrastructure;
- improvement of urban areas.
As an example of the reconstruction of the historic center of St. Petersburg, it is advisable to consider the most important existing projects.
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