Basic information about the technology of building processes 1. Basic concepts and provisions

  Basic information about the technology of building processes 1. Basic concepts and provisions

The modern scientific and technological level of development of society, on the one hand, dictates new, as a rule, increased requirements for the construction industry, on the other hand, it opens up new opportunities for its improvement and renewal.

The principles that are currently laid in the basis of the construction industry are: consistency; security; flexibility; resource saving; quality; efficiency.

Systematic means the consideration of the production process of construction of an object as a single building system, which has a complex hierarchical structure consisting of a large number of elements connected with each other and the external environment by constructive, technological, organizational and economic ties.

Safety is a principle that ensures the compliance of space-planning, constructive, organizational and technological decisions made during the construction and operation of an object to the conditions of the natural and social environment and guarantees the stability of the object, including in the event of emergency and extreme situations.

Flexibility means the ability of the production process of building an object to adapt to the frequently changing conditions of work on the site, to respond to changes in organizational, technological and resource parameters in a wide range and at the same time achieve the final result while preserving the design
indicators. .

Resource conservation is a principle aimed at optimizing and saving the use of material, energy, labor, and financial resources at all stages of a construction project.

Quality means compliance of all parameters of construction processes with the design values, as well as with the current norms, standards, regulations, based on the continuous monitoring system at all stages of the construction and operation of the facility.

Efficiency is a quantitative assessment of the magnitude of compliance of the projected parameters of the construction of an object with final or intermediate indicators that determine the cost, time, quality, and consumption of resources when creating construction products.

The production process of building a building or structure is an integration of building technologies. Building technologies are the essence of the construction industry, their technical and economic level is an indicator of the effectiveness and modernity of construction.

The term construction technology should be understood as a set of actions (construction process), methods and means (technical means), directed by executors (labor resources) to processing initial natural and artificial materials (material elements), changes in their characteristics, condition and position in space ( construction) with the aim of creating design construction products.

Construction products are: a) buildings and structures completed in construction and commissioned for a specified period of time; b) certain parts of buildings and structures (queues, spans, sections) defined by design, architectural and planning, constructive, organizational and technological solutions; c) the amount of work (m2, m3, pcs.) performed in a certain period of time.

According to SNiP 10-01-94, building products are buildings and other building structures completed with construction, as well as their complexes.

The production of building products is different from industrial production. In industrial production, its constituent elements are connected, as a rule, by a rigid technological, for example, a conveyor belt, a line, common production areas, as well as a unified management system. This is the basis that allows the extensive use of manipulators, automata, robots, flexible production systems.

In the construction industry, the created construction products are stationary and stationary (workers, tools and objects of labor move), has large dimensions and mass, its production takes, as a rule, a long time.

In the construction of any property using building materials, products and structures.

The term construction materials is understood in accordance with SNiP 10-01-94 material (including piece material), intended for the creation of building structures of buildings and structures and the manufacture of building products.

In accordance with GOST 4.200-78 “System of indicators of product quality. Building. The main provisions of the construction materials include non-metallic building materials, porous aggregates for concrete, binders, wall, thermal insulation, acoustic, ceramic, finishing, asbestos-cement, polymer, roll roofing and waterproofing materials and building glass.

Building construction - A part of a building or other building that performs certain bearing, enclosing and (or) aesthetic functions. Building structures include stone and reinforced concrete, concrete and reinforced concrete, metal, asbestos-cement and wooden structures (SNiP 10-01-94)

Construction product - A product intended for use as an element of building structures of buildings and structures (SNiP 10-01-94).

In the construction of a building or structure, even of medium and low power, several construction and production organizations and enterprises, dozens of workers' teams participate, a large number of construction machines and vehicles are used, many designs, products, parts, materials, mechanisms are used — all this has more than one and technological characteristics. In the course of construction, hundreds of technological processes and operations are performed, characterized by different parameters and indicators.

Production of construction and installation work at the facility is subject to a large number of factors. Climatic, weather and regional conditions, the level of skills of workers and engineering and management personnel, the availability of necessary material and technical resources, technical equipment, etc., are of special importance here.

Many of these factors are probabilistic in nature, usually subject to abrupt and frequent changes in short periods of time. These factors and conditions are difficult to predict, and the elimination of the influence of most of them requires additional time, labor and funds.

These features increase their impact in connection with the tightening of construction requirements from the standpoint of comfort, environmental and engineering safety, energy and resource saving, quality, and finally, the creative content of the builder’s work as an engineer and a worker.

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Building technologies