2. Finishing and construction work

Types of finishes . Finishing protects the building from atmospheric and other external influences, increases its service life, decorates the building.

For exterior finishing (in the exterior), plastering, lining with marble, granite, ceramics, decorative brick, modeling, decorative painting are used. In the interior (interior) use the same materials as in the exterior, as well as wallpaper, linoleum, tile, parquet, carpentry, synthetic materials (plastics).

Despite the variety of finishing materials and types of finishing, plastering remains one of the most common types of finishing work, especially for brick buildings. After hardening, the plaster applied to the surface forms a solid layer - plaster, which is necessary in order to insulate the building, improve sound insulation, ensure complete or partial fireproofing of the building and protect its wooden parts from rotting. Plastered rooms are easier to keep clean, as they can be painted or pasted over with wallpaper. Properly executed plaster is not only durable (it can stand for centuries), but also gives their surfaces a more beautiful look.

Plasters are ordinary and decorative.

Ordinary plasters usually serve as the basis for painting. They are made of lime-sand and cement-sand, lime-cement-sand, clay, gypsum and other solutions. In terms of accuracy and cleanliness, they are divided into: simple, improved and high-quality . Among ordinary plasters, special ones are distinguished: waterproofing, gas insulating, sound-absorbing, heat-resistant, X-ray protective.

Decorative plasters and are made from pre-painted solutions. Decorative plasters include lime-sand colored, terrazitic and stone.

The sequence of construction and finishing works . The process of building a building consists of a set of works performed in a specific sequence.

First of all, the underground part of the building is erected (zero cycle): earthworks are carried out, the foundations, the basement part and the floors are mounted. At the same time, underground communications are being laid: pipes for hot and cold water, heating, sewage, gas supply, telephone cable, electrical cable. After completing the zero cycle, proceed to the construction of the above-ground part of the building: walls, interfloor and attic floors, stairwells, partitions, roofs and installation of elevators.

Construction is carried out in the following sequence: in houses with load-bearing walls on each floor, first walls are erected with a staircase, then the ceiling above the floor, in houses of frame construction, the frame is first mounted, and then the walls. The final stage of the construction of the above-ground part is the construction of the roof.

In the course of work, they mount heating, ventilation, sanitary equipment, electrical wiring. In the walls of brick, large blocks or monolithic concrete, window and door blocks are installed either after the installation of each floor, or after the construction of the entire building. The panels are delivered to the building with factory-installed window and door blocks. Before installing appliances for heating and open pipelines in brick walls, plaster niches for the installation of these devices.

Internal plastering and other finishing works in multi-storey buildings begin from the upper floors. To speed up the work, it is allowed to finish finishing the roofing, in this case the work is carried out from the lower floors of the building, but on condition that at least two floors are installed above the finished rooms.

Wooden chopped houses are plastered only after their complete precipitation, but not earlier than one year after construction. Frame and panel wooden houses, assembled from standard parts and installed on a rigid base, are allowed to plaster immediately after the assembly of the building and the roof structure.

Gypsum or other cladding sheets of the surface is finished in the same time as the monolithic plaster, but under the condition that the humidity of the air in operating conditions does not exceed 60%. Facing surfaces with ceramic tiles is performed simultaneously with plastering or a little later.

Interior finishing works, including plastering, are carried out before flooring, but after partitions, door and window frames, built-in furniture are installed, internal plumbing, sewage, heating systems are installed, and, if required, tubes for hidden wiring are installed. If the surface is revetted with plaster or other cladding sheets, then, in addition, the installation of the base for parquet and linoleum, as well as plastered space for heating and other appliances must be completed.

After completing and drying the plaster, proceed to the preparation of the foundation of the floor under the flooring of linoleum or parquet. At the same time, they first clean it of mortar, dirt and dust, then correct the defects of the base of the floor and ground it. To improve sound insulation on the base stick fibreboard in two layers on bitumen mastics. A day later, lay parquet or linoleum.

After laying parquet or linoleum, the baseboards are nailed, the floor is covered with paper, then with acacia or roofing felt to protect against contamination, and only after that they start painting and wallpaper works. After completing these works, the glassine and paper are cleaned, the linoleum is wiped with a wet cloth, and the flooring is polished with sandpaper. Linoleum on a warm basis is laid after painting and wallpaper works.

Sometimes finishing work is carried out in such a sequence. First, the base under the floor is filled with sawdust or covered with glass roofing paper or roofing felt, plastering and painting work, removing sawdust, asphalt, correcting base defects, laying parquet or linoleum, plinths are nailed.