6.3. Adaptation of hostels and non-residential facilities for apartment buildings

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The traditions existing in the historical epoch when the dwelling was built, and the level of development of technology largely predetermine the planning features of buildings. The degree of their suitability for operation today and in the future also depends on this. The earlier a house is erected, the less its compliance with modern comfortable requirements, more wear and tear if it has not undergone renovation or has not been subjected to a major overhaul. Therefore, the methods of reconstruction are dependent on the time of construction of the building. On this basis, the methods of modernization and transformation are usually tied to the classification according to the representative species given below and corresponding to the following division of buildings.

Buildings built before 1917 are divided into four types:

1) low-rise houses of individual building;

2) non-residential buildings adapted for housing;

3) hotels, houses with furnished rooms, dormitories and barracks;

4) apartment apartment buildings - the main objects of the reference housing stock of large cities.

Typical buildings built in the first decades of Soviet power belong to the fifth type. Constructed as housing for the working class, they are rather homogeneous in their structure. There are differences in their space planning solution, but they are not as striking as in the previous views.

The prestigious buildings of individual construction on the main roads of cities are ranked as the sixth type. It is adjacent to the seventh - typical post-war buildings of 1945-1955. with quite comfortable apartments.

The eighth type is the houses of the "first generation" of prefabricated housing construction with small apartments, provided with a minimum of amenities. In the future, the concept of forming the space-planning decisions of prefabricated houses underwent constant changes. In accordance with it in 1966-1975. began to build houses with improved planning. They are assigned to the ninth species. At a later time, in 1976-1984, they began to build buildings of high-rise number, included in the tenth group.

Another type - non-residential buildings, during housing redistribution adapted for housing, require an individual approach. In each case, an alternative to reconstruction should be considered - demolition in order to decompress the housing stock on the territory. Only capital buildings of a certain architectural value should be preserved and, as a rule, used by analogy with the low-rise mansions discussed above.

The third type of pre-revolutionary building - houses with furnished rooms, dormitories and former hotels, occupied by room, in its structure are diverse. They can be reconstructed as hotels or divided into sections with the accommodation of rather comfortable low-room apartments, transformed into administrative or other institutions. Practice has shown that with the reconstruction with preservation of residential functions, up to 30% of the living space is lost. In all cases, a significant number of tenants have to be resettled. Therefore, the buildings in question should, if possible, be transferred to institutions of different profiles. Including save the functions of hotels.

The buildings of the second type , originally non-residential and adapted for housing, are so diverse that it is impossible to recommend unified modernization techniques. In cities, there is a tendency to demolish such buildings if they are not historically valuable and physically worn out. Enough capital houses that are in good technical condition are transformed into institutions, but more often they are demolished. Modern buildings are being built on the vacated lands. This approach is typical for city centers where land is valuable.

In buildings of the third type , adapted for housing (different hostels, hotels, houses with furnished rooms, and so on), most often restore the original functions, create hotels. Often transformed into various kinds of institutions. This contributes to the corridor layout inherent in such buildings. Redevelopment with the creation of apartments for family settlement is not rational. It entails a significant loss of living space. The wall frame is especially inconvenient if a three-span structural layout with two longitudinal bearing walls and a wide middle span is applied. It is very difficult to use under living rooms, and it is possible only under utility rooms.

In the prewar period, a lot of houses were built corridor type, on the basis of the hostel. On the floor, communal kitchens and sanitary facilities were created for their use by families. At the same time, some houses have a corridor length of at least 32 m and are equipped with one staircase, and there are corridors up to 60 m long with two staircases. As a rule, these houses had an orientation towards the ZV, which causes overheating of the premises on the west side in the summer and the impossibility of their through ventilation. During the reconstruction of these corridor houses, their buildings were divided into two sections with the installation of additional stairs, and the longitudinal load-bearing walls or frame system made it possible to carry out a convenient redevelopment of the floors with well-equipped isolated apartments, provided with through ventilation and a permissible room insolation system.

Recently, a great experience has been accumulated in the reconstruction of various types of public buildings and the adaptation to many public functions of residential historic buildings for various purposes.

Indeed, unlike residential buildings, although they were built a long time ago, public buildings of past times are almost all very valuable structures in historical terms. If you look back to the depths of centuries, it can be clearly said that practically no public building has survived to the present day while preserving its original function. Since these buildings were erected with a huge margin of safety, their wear and tear was very easily compensated by the new function. And while no one thought about the demolition of the building, and the issues of reconstruction were solved quickly and without serious consequences.

The structure of public buildings are very similar to each other. All have halls where the main core is located, there are auxiliary rooms, while the entrance group of rooms has the same function - reception and preliminary services for visitors. During the reconstruction, the architect, of course, is looking for a building for a new function with suitable dimensions of the main and auxiliary premises. Already in the process of designing a reconstruction, he long wonders how to redevelop the premises, how to re-block the hall with a modern large-span structure.

Public buildings have always solved the problem of the beauty of the city. Gradually, in the historical part of the central quarters after the war, these buildings were restored, and the destroyed context of the historical environment, naturally, was not restored.

The complexity of the profession of an architect entering the path of reconstruction of a historic building consists in finding organic means of interconnecting the old and the new, but sometimes this is not enough, one must have not only skill, but also be able to involve the whole scientific apparatus, master the skills of analysis and skillfully use progressive creative experience solutions made in the past century.