2.1. The development of the historical center of St. Petersburg

The historical monuments of St. Petersburg - ensembles, individual buildings and structures, as well as the entire urban development with its historically established planning vividly and fully reflect in the inherent architecture specific economic, political and cultural development of Russia for the entire period of the city on the Neva River. The architectural image of St. Petersburg is multifaceted, diverse and at the same time integral, as its development proceeded progressively from the center in the directions of uniform growth.

The choice of territory on the northwestern border of the Russian state, near the Baltic Sea, in the Neva delta with its low shores, numerous branches, channels and islands, on the flat terrain, was of cardinal importance for the fate of the city and its formation.

St. Petersburg developed as a seaside and river city. The spacious water area of ​​the river served as its main "avenue" and the widest stretch - from the source of the Bolshaya Nevka to the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island - a kind of "central square". On May 16, 1703, the Peter and Paul Fortress was laid on Hare Island. The date of the bookmark was not only the birthday of the new fortress, the port and the city, it marked the beginning of a qualitatively new period in the history of national urban planning. Thus, the entrance to the Neva from the side of the Gulf of Finland “locked” two powerful fortification complexes: the Peter and Paul Fortress and the Admiralty Shipyard. These structures formed the spatial axis of St. Petersburg, its double core.

St. Petersburg was created as a city, personifying the essence of Peter's transformations. This explains the fact that almost all elements of urban planning were innovative. The center of the city was not a hill with the Kremlin, but an island with a new type of citadel; construction, not limited to the city walls, was carried out on several islands and to the banks of the Neva, its tributaries and channels that were breaking through.

Initially, construction was carried out on Petersburg Island (Fig. 2.1). It recreated the traditional planning system, which resembled the structure of the ancient Russian city with a fortress, bargaining, land and settlements. The Peter and Paul Fortress formed a commercial and administrative (now economic) city center. North and west were located the courtyards and settlements of merchants, artisans, workers and soldiers.

According to the plan developed in 1716 by D. Trezzini, there began to lay a uniformly rectangular network of canals and streets. In the southeastern part of the island, the main square of St. Petersburg was formed with the largest complex of administrative, commercial and scientific institutions.

On St. Petersburg island in the immediate vicinity of the fortress formed the original center of the city. Here were the buildings of the Senate, trading rows. The Office of Urban Affairs, Customs, Mytny yard, the largest in the city

Trinity Church. Near the house of Peter I, along the embankment and behind it, on Dvoryanskaya Street, were houses of nobles and nobles. Large areas were occupied by settlements and suburbs with houses of ordinary people.

The districts that were attached to the Admiralty were built up with buildings for the employees of the “maritime authority” and were called Marine settlements. The embankment of the Neva from the Admiralty in the direction of Fontanka to the old post yard (in the place of the Marble Palace) was built up with houses of the highest maritime officials, and the street parallel to it - with buildings belonging to rich nobles and merchants.

Construction of St. Petersburg Petersburg was carried out on the left bank of the Fontanka. Here and on the banks of the Neva, the Foundry and the Cannon Yards are located with suburbs of artisans. From the Foundry Yard was cut through to Nevsky Prospect, a glade, which later became Liteyny Prospect. On the left bank of the Neva, there were built the Chambers of Kikina, the palace with the garden of Catherine I, and there is an extensive Resin court, where tar and other supplies for the Russian fleet were kept.

The coastal areas on the Fontanka, which served as the border of the city, were given to Petrovsky grandees for building summer palaces with regular gardens. In the first quarter of the XVIII century. the construction of the Vyborg side began.

Of particular importance in shaping St. Petersburg was the planning and development of Vasilyevsky Island, where, starting in 1716, four years after St. Petersburg was proclaimed capital, Peter I decided to accommodate an administrative, public and residential center.

The general plan of St. Petersburg, compiled in 1717 by J.-B. Le Blond, followed the type of Western European "ideal cities". He had a more complex, diverse and artistically expressive layout. This plan could not be carried out in the conditions of those years, moreover, it did not quite correspond to the real prospects for the development of the city.

The spatial-planning basis of the city center became the trident of the streets converging to the Admiralty. The first (in the 1710s) symmetrical streets were laid - the present Nevsky and Voznesensky Ave. The axis between them (now Gorokhovaya St.) was outlined by the 1720s. Taking into account two parallel Neva streets, oriented to the Admiralty tower, a unique composition of the historical center of St. Petersburg was formed.

The planning systems of Vasilyevsky Island and the Admiralteysky side predetermined all further urban development of the city.

Thus, the architecture of the city of Peter the Great laid the foundation for all its subsequent urban planning development (Fig. 2.2). It predetermined the direction of development on all the islands of the Neva Delta and on the mainland, and developed the type of street prospects. The branches of the Neva, its tributaries and canals were in the central part of the city, the facades of the coastal buildings appeared on their banks. In addition to the wooden house of Peter the Great, buildings belonging to the architectural monuments of the first quarter of the 18th century, which are of primary importance, remained from the Petrine period, although the construction and completion of works on a number of them went beyond the chronological framework of the era.

Monuments of architecture and military engineering construction are bastions and curtains of the Peter and Paul Fortress, whose construction in stone from 1706 to 1734 was led by D. Trezzini. According to his project from the east side of the fortress in 1717-1718. built the Peter Gate (№ 7). D. Trezzini completed the project and led the construction of a new for Russian architecture stone single-domed Peter and Paul Cathedral with a multi-tiered bell tower and a gilded spire (No. 6).

St. Petersburg is the first Russian city created on a regular scheduled basis. And in the same way should be carried out the reconstruction of urban facilities at the present stage of development of St. Petersburg.

The use of monumental-decorative sculpture in the design of buildings and structures largely increases the cost of reconstruction of the historic center objects. Therefore, when assessing reconstruction, it is first necessary to carry out an economic justification for the preservation of certain elements.

A decisive contribution to the formation of St. Petersburg was made by the Commission on the St. Petersburg structure, established in 1737 and headed by a major engineer B.-K. Minich. The commission's activities extended to streamlining the existing planning and development, and to the development of new territories. The importance of the Admiralty party as a city center was finally fixed. The principle of organizing a species system with the completion of perspectives with high-altitude accents was consistently embodied in the city center.

Simultaneously with the construction of St. Petersburg, work was carried out on the creation of country residences along the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, which was parallel to the road connecting St. Petersburg with Oranienbaum. During the years 1710-1724. extensive regular gardens with fountains and stately palaces were created in Oranienbaum and Peterhof.

In 1736 and 1737 fires destroyed about two-thirds of the entire building of the Admiralty Island. In order to organize simultaneous town planning work on a vast territory, a “Commission on the St. Petersburg Building” was established, in which the leading role was played by the architect P. M. Eropkin. A plan was drawn up for the city, divided into five parts: the Admiralty, (between the Neva and Fontanka) Vasils (Vasilyevsky Island); Petrograd, including together with the Petrograd and Vyborg side; Foundry, covering the territory (from Fontanka and Nevsky Prospect and included the area of ​​Big Okhta on the right bank of the Neva); Moskovskaya (from Fontanka to the south-west, from Nevsky Prospect to Ekaterinhof).

According to the general plan of P.M. Eropkina for Admiralteysky island finally consolidated the importance of the center.

In 1740–1760 constructions were created, giving the city a special representation. Their creation is associated with the work of B.F. Rastrelli, an outstanding master of the heyday of Russian baroque. The largest piece of Rastrelli is the Winter Palace, which has become the compositional and artistic dominant of a vast area where the most significant architectural ensembles of the city are located.

The role of significant new buildings in the panorama of the city was very large. Responsible place in the planning of Nevsky Prospekt is the Stroganov Palace. The Smolny Monastery, located on the steep bend of the Neva, affected vast territories. The Winter Palace predetermined the scale of the later ensembles of Palace Emb. and Palace Square

A new stage in the development of St. Petersburg was associated with the organization in 1762 of the “Commission on the Stone Structure of St. Petersburg and Moscow”, which worked until 1796. Its first architect was A.V. Kvass. He drew up a plan for the left-bank part of the city, including the shores of the Fontanka, in which the bridgeheads were designed. The southern border of St. Petersburg was marked by a moat - later the Obvodny Canal. New quarters on the territory adjacent to the Admiralty, finally fixed the outline of the central squares, including the southern line of the Palace Square.

Buildings of streets from this time was conducted by a continuous facade - the closed front of houses along the red lines. This principle, which prevailed right up to the beginning of the 20th century, largely predetermined the subsequent transformation of the streets into a kind of "corridors" and isolation of the inner sections with their closed courtyards. The height and number of floors of buildings increased (in the center of the city - up to 3-4 floors). Began extensive construction of apartment buildings.

1780-1800 - this is a time of mature, strict classicism (Fig. 2.3.). It was at this time that the city center ensemble system was completed. Erecting or reconstructing unique buildings, architects paid increasing attention to the organization of the environment.

The largest milestones in the formation of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the XIX century, which marked the new stage of urban planning, were the works of three leading figures of Russian architecture - A.D. Zakharova, T. de Thomon and A.N. Voronikhin. Architect A.D. Zakharov, retaining built I.K. Korobov Admiralty Tower with a needle, created its new architectural framing and sculptural decoration, turning it into a triumphal monument of Russian maritime glory. At the same time, he united into a single artistic whole all the separate structures of the Admiralty. According to the depth of design, harmony of proportions, the synthesis of architecture and sculpture, by its role in the ensemble of the city center, the Admiralty is equated to such heights of world architecture as the Moscow Kremlin, the Parthenon in Athens, the Louvre in Paris.

Architectural style 1800-1830 bears the name of high classicism ("Empire"). At the forefront at this time came the construction of large public buildings.

The systematic, purposeful construction of St. Petersburg was controlled from 1816 by the Committee of Buildings and Hydraulic Works. Its main tasks were to bring the city to a high degree of beauty and perfection, while respecting the correctness and "embeddedness" of each building in the city complex (This is why it is so important to evaluate the objects of reconstruction taking into account nearby objects and territories). The committee was headed by an outstanding engineer A.A. Betancourt, it consisted of the greatest masters of high classicism KI. Rossi and V.P. Stasov. In the works of K.I. Rossi town planning was decisive. He created ensembles on the basis of the transformation of vast territories, endowing them with a wealth of panoramas, which included distant objects. The art of Russia is, above all, the art of organizing spaces (which is currently akin to territorial management and redevelopment).

Late classicism was gradually replaced by "eclecticism", which was based on free choice and an arbitrary combination of techniques and forms of various historical styles, combined with modern functional planning solutions. In this way, the use of the entire "historical heritage" of the past was carried out. The early stage of eclecticism (1830-1860) is associated with romantic stylization (Fig. 2.4.). A special place among the various stylistic trends held "Russian style". It reflected the craving for national identity, the embodiment of which was considered the ancient Russian architecture. Contemporaries proclaimed KA the founder of the official “Russian style” movement. Tone.

The use of various forms of historical styles determined the external aspect of the appearance of St. Petersburg in the 19th century. Another was its internal content, due to the new features of life and life, new designation of buildings and structures, new structures and materials. Increasing attention was paid to the functional planning of buildings. The previously unknown types of structures were built - railway stations, “passages”, large production buildings.

Urban planning in the middle of the XIX century. lost former scale and ensemble orientation. During this period, relatively few planning activities were carried out. State building faded into the background under the onslaught of private enterprise.

After 1861, the rapid growth of the population of St. Petersburg began. Homeowners, industrialists, merchants became the main customers in the construction. Architects faced the problems of designing large buildings of a new type of private banks, insurance companies, etc.

However, the city has retained its best features. Moreover, in the second half of the XIX century. and the beginning of the XX century. Many streets received a successful planning and artistic completion. Thus, the main spatial composition of Kamennoostrovsky Avenue, one of the best in the city, was created.

The second stage of eclecticism (1870-1900) coincided with a period of rapid development of capitalism in Russia. Construction activity in the capital is sharply activated, reaching its apogee at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries.

The increase in the value of land, the active interest of the owners in the profits led to a significant compaction and increase of ordinary development. The most common type of it was apartment buildings, reaching 6-7 floors. The prohibition to build buildings above the Winter Palace and the greater width of the streets determined the uniform horizontal of the building front. Thus, monotonous “corridors” of streets, stone gorges of closed well-yards, were formed.

New streets were laid, old ones expanded and settled, gardens, squares and boulevards were established. Many trade, banking, educational, entertainment, hospital buildings and complexes were erected. Permanent bridges were built across the Neva and the sleeves of the Neva delta. The general plan of St. Petersburg in 1880 outlined a set of activities that resulted in, in particular, a network of passages in the city.

During this period P.YU. Suzor and other architects developed a new type of multi-storey sectional apartment building. The lower floors with commercial or office space were opened by large windows. Enlarged scale element of the facades served as bay windows.

New ideas of "rational architecture" were implemented in the "brick style". The leaders of this direction are V.A. Schröter and I.S. Kitner refused to plaster the décor, leaving the brickwork of the walls open or using durable ceramic tiles.

At the turn of the XIX – XX centuries, in the period of imperialism, modernity was born in architecture. The principles of a free style with flowing spaces and a picturesquely asymmetric composition of volumes with openings of various sizes and configurations corresponded to the principles of the new style.

Rationalist tendencies became more pronounced during the construction of new types of buildings, including commercial ones. Introduction of metal and reinforced concrete frame structures made it possible to arrange free, well-lit rooms, to replace arrays of walls with large glazing planes. A prominent place in the architecture of the period of modernity was occupied by buildings of a democratic orientation: people's houses, housing for working people.

Since the mid 1900s. another trend towards traditions developed, the direction being retrospectiveism, the main variant of which was neo-classicism. Представители его опирались на всеобщие законы классики, на градостроительное наследие старого Санкт-Петербурга, стремясь воссоздать целостный монументальный стиль, созвучный историческому облику города. Мотивы ретростилей, как правило, сочетались с новыми планировочными решениями, приобретая при этом заметный оттенок модернизации.

Застройка начала XX в. особенно интенсивно велась на Петроградской стороне и на Васильевском острове (Рис.2.5.-2.11.). Она привнесла новые черты и в облик центральных районов на левом берегу Невы. На Невском пр. и рядом с ним полностью сложился район «петербургского сити» со зданиями банков, кредитных обществ и торговых учреждений. Укрупнение частных жилых участков позволяло строить большие комплексы с продуманно организованной внутриквартальной средой. Возводились дома с открытыми озелененными дворами.

Среди градостроительных замыслов предреволюционной поры выделяются план «преобразования Петербурга» Ф.Е. Енакиева, Л.Н. Бенуа и М.М. Перетятковича и проект «Нового Петербурга» И.А. Фомина на острове Голодай. Однако в условиях тех лет осуществление столь масштабных начинаний оказалось невозможным.

Новую эпоху в градостроительном развитии города на Неве открыла Октябрьская социалистическая революция. Зодчие стремились выразить новые идеи в проектах культурно-просветительных учреждений, мемориальных комплексов и массового жилья.

Градостроительные предложения разрабатывались Архитектурной мастерской по урегулированию плана города и его окраин под руководством И.А. Фомина, а затем Музеем города и отделением планировки при отделе коммунального хозяйства. Проводились благоустройство, реконструкция и озеленение участков центра города и периферийных районов.

К середине 1930-х гг. в городе вырос целый ряд жилых массивов в разных районах, в том числе центральных. Одновременно строились дома-коммуны и дома для специалистов, клубы и дворцы культуры, школы и стадионы, больницы и профилактории, бани и фабрики-кухни. В планировке кварталов с развитой сферой обслуживания применялись линейная (вдоль улиц с разрывами) или строчная (торцами корпусов к улице) застройка. Широко вводилась типизация домов.

In the architecture of the late 20s - early 30s. Twentieth century. dominant position held constructivism. The sharp dynamics of the composition, the long strips of glazing (ribbon windows) are its main features.

In 1931, the Architecture and Planning Department of the Leningrad Council was formed and the preparation of a master plan for the development of the city began. The first approved version was prepared in 1935-1937. under the leadership of LA Ilina and V.A. Whitman. The structure of the historical part of the city remained unchanged.

The master plan was revised in 1938-1939. N.V.Baranov and A.I. Naumov. The urban area has become more compact, there has been a relationship between the historical center and the new districts. The architecture of those years again turned to the development of the classical heritage, the traditions of St. Petersburg architecture.

The development of Leningrad was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War. Bombing and shelling caused enormous damage to the city center. But restoration and restoration work began during the blockade.

The first post-war master plan for the development of Leningrad, drawn up by N.V. Baranov and A.I. Naumov, was approved in 1948 and revised in 1951. It provided for a uniform growth of the territory of the center in all directions with wide access to the Gulf of Finland. The role of the city center remained in the historical part of the city.

Along with the usual 5-6-storey low-rise buildings were built, the construction of high-rise buildings began. Projects of new quarters and buildings were developed at the LenNIIproekt Institute. To coordinate the construction processes in 1955 a centralized housing, civil and industrial construction department was organized (Glavleningradstroy).

Refusal to decorate, the tendency to strict conciseness determined the appearance of new public buildings. Typical projects were carried out by large-block and large-panel mounting of parts manufactured at house-building factories. The main objects of design and reconstruction were not individual buildings or their groups, but complex solutions of vast areas - housing estates and residential areas. They were built on the principle of free planning. However, monotony and monotony appeared in the appearance of new quarters and highways

In 1966, a new master plan for the development of Leningrad was approved, the main idea of ​​which was the development of coastal areas and the formation of a marine facade, the central element of which was the western part of Vasilyevsky Island.

The formation of the Central Arc Highway continued, the chain of ensembles along the banks of the Neva developed steadily.

In recent years, the Soviet government in the architecture took place activating the figurative beginning. Standard projects were improved, a block-sectional method was developed, in which the unit of typification is not a house, but its part is a section, which made it possible to overcome to some extent geometric schematism and faceless monotony of the mass development of past years.

One of the most important tasks of the 1980s. was the implementation of a comprehensive reconstruction of the historical center of Leningrad. Within the city limits, the main zones were identified. At that time, reconstructive works were carried out in the protected historical center. In the industrial-residential zone, a radical upgrade of production with the transfer of a number of enterprises to other places, the improvement of housing conditions, and transport links are provided. The third zone - the areas of new buildings - is designed to form a reserve for the development of the city.