11.3. Technology work in cramped conditions

The constrained conditions of construction are the conditions that limit the working area of ​​the machines and mechanisms used or which cause unproductive actions and maneuvers; creating inconvenience of transportation, storage and supply of building materials and structures; leading to reduced productivity and work, etc.

Such conditions are created when working near ground structures, underground utilities, overhead power lines and communications, trees and other objects. Particular difficulties arise in the conduct of work at existing industrial enterprises, in the reconstruction and overhaul of various types of buildings and structures. Territorial constraints of this kind not only reduce the productivity of construction machines and mechanisms, but in some cases limit their use, and therefore the proportion of manual labor increases dramatically. As a result, all this leads to an increase in labor costs, higher construction costs and an increase in its duration.

All types of preparatory work in cramped conditions should be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of the CPD.

The fastening of the axes of the geodesic center base is made with paints in the form of scratches on the walls near the standing buildings or structures; the frames are placed on the foundations or basement. After fixing the red lines, the construction site is surrounded by a temporary fence made of wooden shields or metal mesh. In places where pedestrians walk along fences, wooden walkways should be made with safety visors above them.

Cut trees and shrubs, uprooted stumps, collected stones, removed soil layer, materials from dismantling demolished buildings, excess soil in vertical planning - all this should be taken out of the territory to the places specified in the CPD in due time.

The existing cesspools and cesspools that fall into the building spot or into the 20-meter zone from the nearest newly laid water supply pipelines or heat networks should be moved to another place, and the old holes should be cleaned, disinfected and covered with a layer-by-layer compaction.

The building area should be planned with slopes to the gutter leading to the rain inlets of storm sewers or ponds.

Temporary access roads on construction sites in cramped conditions are performed through pass-through or dead-end two-way traffic. With the passage of roads along the objects under construction, the widening of the carriageway for the parking of vehicles is made. At the end of dead-end roads, reversal sites are arranged.

In order to minimize the territory occupied by them, temporary engineering communications are laid in trenches or elevated on supports to a height that ensures unimpeded passage under them of transportation, unloading facilities and installation cranes.

The number of temporary buildings and structures under construction is being tried to be reduced by using permanent objects for the needs of the construction site.

Preparation for construction in winter conditions.

In order to improve the efficiency of construction and installation work in winter conditions, in addition to the mandatory implementation of all the preparatory work at the construction site, the contracting organization develops the following organizational and technical measures:

- protection of the construction site and facilities from snow drifts, gullying, deeper subsidence and floods in the spring-summer period, as well as foundations and foundations from winter heaving of soils;

- freezing of soil in hard-to-reach (in summertime) and marshy places for arranging winter roads, foundations, foundations, laying of communications, etc .;

- laying of temporary or permanent heat pipelines to facilities for start-up of heat after the completion of general construction works, as well as central heating systems;

- preparation of materials and means for temporary warming of structures, rooms, buildings, structures;

- timely procurement and storage of mass building materials, products and semi-finished products, fuels, combustible and lubricants;

- preparation of construction machines and mechanisms, vehicles and means of small-scale mechanization, providing conditions for their maintenance and repair;

- occupational health and safety when performing work.

In addition, measures are being developed for the implementation of certain types of construction work, and for some of the works, the design organization issues drawings of additional technological requirements (DTT) in winter conditions.

An action plan for preparing for work in winter conditions is developed in advance so as to have time to carry out all the preparatory work before the onset of the winter period.

In the development of an outage for both certain types of construction work, and for objects in general, organizational and technical measures should be taken into account for preparing the construction site for work in winter conditions; the activities of the plan included in the CPD should be carefully detailed.

As part of the outage in winter conditions, picking cards and graphics are developed (materials, products, and structures delivered to the site; work crew movements; basic construction machinery and mechanisms; specialized organizations).

A major role in the implementation of measures for the preparation and maintenance of construction work in winter conditions is played by the introduction of automated building management systems and the use of modern dispatch communication facilities.

The design organization in the development of PIC in new areas should provide for the construction of local construction materials and the organization of their delivery from the quarry, the construction of settlements for builders with objects of cultural, domestic, medical and other services and the relocation of mobile building and assembly units with the necessary construction equipment, transport and other equipment.

The PIC developed for winter conditions or permafrost areas should contain decisions on the composition of special work related to the peculiarities of construction of facilities in these natural and climatic conditions.

In general, the developed measures of progressive forms and methods of preparation, planning, organizing and managing construction in winter conditions should provide standard deadlines for the duration of construction and the timely delivery of high-quality facilities to operation.