1.3 Requirements for tools used in the technique of linear graphics

Simple pencils are the most convenient and versatile tools (Fig. 2). The ability to sharpen pencils with a sharp or flat cone, to leave a long or short stylus, allows each graphic to clearly adjust the usability of the tool in accordance with personal tastes and features of graphic work. The quality of the tool depends on the quality of the graphic rod (it should not be brittle), as well as on the properties, texture and softness of the wooden frame (the tree should be easy to sharpen, cut off in medium-sized even chips without chips).

In the project graphics, the following marking of pencils is used: for drawing - ST, 2Т, Т, ТМ (domestic marking), ЗН, 2Н, Н, F, НВ (foreign marking); for the drawing - TM, M, 2M, 3M, 4M, 5M, 6M (domestic labeling), F, HB, B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B (foreign labeling).

The use of mechanical pencils requires the skill of adjusting the force of pressure on the stylus; any involuntary pressure on the tool leads to the oblite of the stylus. When using a simple pencil, part of the effort when pressing on the stylus is absorbed by the wooden frame. Techniques of drawing and drawing with mechanical pencils with slate pencils of medium thickness and thick slate pencils have their own characteristics.

Fig. 2. Types of pencils, simple and automatic, erasers, slate rods, pencil sharpener

Drawing and drawing with mechanical pencils with sketches of average thickness (about 2 mm) differs little in character from the same work with ordinary pencils. A drawing, a rough drawing made with a mechanical pencil with a thick slate, is charcoal-like in nature, it will be coarsened with thick, intense lines and strokes. The marking of the leads is the same as for ordinary pencils.

Coal and sanguine for ease of drawing and sketching are inserted into special holders. Linear drawing with these materials has its own characteristics, as with the help of coal and sanguine, you can get a wide loose line that allows you to apply this technique in sketching drawings, clauses, in drawing and drawing on tracing paper, smooth and textured paper. In the process of working with these materials, it is necessary to remember that lines and strokes are drawn “without pressure, easily, as if sliding on paper”. Sharp pressure leads to breaking, crushing of coal sticks, sanguine, thick slate. You can erase the image with a clean cloth or a clean and very soft eraser.

Paint brushes for drawing and drawing are used extremely rarely. This technique of linear graphics is typical for Chinese and Japanese drawings. The elasticity of the line, its shape and the force of pressure depend on the coordinated movements of the hand and forearm, the correct position of the elbow joint and the body. Drawing with a brush must necessarily be accompanied by a vertical position of the brush relative to the plane of the paper. When grabbing the hand with the thumb and forefinger, support on the middle finger is not necessary. Depending on the need, the middle finger either fixes the lower end of the brush, then leaves it free.

Raspaderes are ideal tools for drawing straight and curved lines that form the basis of any drawing image. The quality of the router is determined by the following requirements:

- the outlines of the blades of the tool when viewed from above and below should be without asymmetric grinding one of the sides of the blade;

- when viewed from the side, the ends of the tool blades should be of the same length, i.e. one of the blades should not protrude with respect to the other (in this case, the scanner scratches the paper);

- the blades of the noisseder should not have burrs, sharp edges, chipping, distortions.

Defects of the rosfeder's blades are eliminated by sharpening on a soft wheel (with circular movements with light pressure).

The sharpening is completed by stripping the surface of the blades with fine-grained emery cloth and cloth. The skills of working with the reshepherd consist in the ability to keep the tool clean, to fill it with a qualitative solution of ink (gouache, tempera paint) of such a volume that does not lead to liquid leakage from the cavity of the blades, drop-like bulges at the beginning and at the end of the lines when touching the paper or tearing tool from the plane of the drawing. The best position of the drawing machine in the process of drawing is vertical with respect to the plane of the paper or slightly inclined towards the movement of the tool. Lead the line should be smoothly with the same pressure on the paper. Under strong pressure, the blade of the printer has dispersed, scratching the paper, which leads to a thickening of the contour of the lines or the formation of drops.

The specificity of working with graphosomes (Fig. 3) is the purity of its pen and the selection of the correct density of the ink solution. Excessively diluted mascara leads to the formation of droplets, thickened mascara solution dries faster, which leads to difficult instrument operation, intermittent lines, dashes, etc. The quality requirements for drawing lines with graphos are similar to the requirements for the technique of owning a reedfeder - the tool must be worn on paper strictly vertical to its surface and without pressure.

In the process of drawing the plane of the pen, graphos, drawing of the pen should be parallel to the direction of the depicted line.

Fig. 3. Various types of reydeperov. Grafos (1)

Rapidografy the most common drawing tools produced in our time (Fig. 4). Rapidographs of this design are considered to be the best, in which, under any working conditions, the needle with the piston moves freely in the body of the head, eliminating the carcass penetration at the exit of the tube, all parts of the rapidograph can be easily disassembled and can be easily harvested and then assembled. If during drawing with a rapidograph it is possible to get smooth lines without dashes and interruptions, when shaking from the end cap, the ink does not drip, the needle moves freely in the tube (as indicated by a slight tapping of the needle piston inside the end cap), the quality of the rapidograph is quite satisfactory. If, moreover, a special mascara for filling the rapidograph does not dry for a long time inside the instrument, does not form a contaminating layer on the inner surface of the tip and the balloon, the instrument after a long break is instantly ready for work, gives a good quality of strokes and lines. When working with a rapidograph, it is necessary to follow a number of rules:

- the instrument must be cleaned and cleaned in the intervals between work;

- in the process, the tool must be periodically shaken so that the needle with the piston moves freely in the tube, without which it is impossible to make high-quality lines;

- fill the rapidograph only with special mascara, filling it into a balloon in an amount not more than that required for one to three days work;

- in the process of work, constantly wipe the working parts of the instrument with a clean cloth.

When working with a rapidograph, do not:

- strongly press on the tubular-needle nozzle, as this causes the tool to deteriorate, the needle becomes clogged, and the paper is scratched;

- fill the cylinder with chemical ink or ink, since in this case all parts of the rapidograph should be washed immediately after the end of the drawing;

- use non-proprietary screwdrivers for disassembling and assembling the tool, exert great efforts when unscrewing and screwing up parts with thread.

Rapidographs have markings on their end caps, which denotes the thickness of the lines for which each tool is designed. Marking denotes the diameter of the working tubular-needle tip of the end cap, or in tenths of a millimeter - 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 0.6; 0.7; 0.8; 1.0; 2.0 mm, or in hundredths of a millimeter, namely, 0.13; 0.15; 0.18; 0.25; 0.35 mm. Such a wide gamut of lines obtained with the help of a rapidograph is rather necessary in technical drawing. For drawing fine lines - 0.1; 0.13; 0.15; 0.18; 0.2 mm; for drawing the middle lines - 0.25; 0.3; 0.35 mm; for plotting thick split lines - 0.5; 0.7; 0.8 mm. For ink mating surfaces drawing image - 1.0; 1.2; 1.4 mm.

Currently, special compositions of petrol dressings and special rapid radiographs with tubular endings made of special hardening metals have been developed, which make it possible to apply ink on photos - and synthetic film, metal surfaces, plywood, hardboard, etc. Tools for such purposes have special color and letter marking, which is repeated on the special flacon vial filling bottles. It is not recommended to use such mascara and rapidographs to work on paper and tracing paper.

Fig. 4 Rapidograph, Rapidomat (1); Rapidograph device (2)

During operation, the rapidograph should be kept strictly perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Otherwise, the tubular head is grinded, and the tool scratches the paper.

To work with rapidographs the following devices are needed:

Rapidomat is a special device that prevents drying of carcasses in the tubular-needle head-cap of rapidographs. The principle of operation of rapidmoid is based on the fact that the capstan of the rapidograph are placed in special sockets, the lower parts of which are located in a sealed cavity with high humidity. The humidity of the pressurized cavities of rapidmoid is provided by a special gasket made of porous foam moistened with water.

- squares, patterns, rulers, designed specifically for working with rapidographs and reisfederami should have edges with hooking. Such a device prevents the carcass from flowing under the plane of a square, ruler, piece. The best samples of such tools are made of transparent plastic of special strength.

Special erasers , simple and electrically operated (something like a milling cutter, which cuts off the contaminated surface of the paper) are used to erase the ink images from the surface of tracing paper and paper.

Markers are now widely used in drawing and drawing, although the quality of the lines obtained with a felt-tip pen has its own characteristics — the line has indistinct, blurry boundaries, it floats when working on any paper (except for paperman and tracing paper). With a felt-tip pen, you can draw and draw with any inclination, thus achieving graphic effects that are different in their expressiveness (Fig. 5). These properties of a felt-tip pen are taken into account and used in the construction of a new instrument of the “variograph” type, which is a special mascara fueled instrument with felt needle-shaped tips with a thickness of 0.2; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7 mm. The length of the felt can be adjusted, while the felt is worn out, it can be replaced. With the help of a variograph it is convenient to draw, apply lines and strokes with variable pressure on the paper.

Fig. 5 Different types of markers: variograph (1), filling variograph (2)

Thin automatic pencils “micrographs” are instruments that became especially widespread in the late 1970s and early 1980s ( see Figure A.1c ). With the help of these tools is carried out the overwhelming part of the pencil drawing graphics. Automatic pencils are marked 0,3; 0.5; 0.7 mm, etc. It should be remembered that thin graphite rods tucked into an automatic pencil are very fragile, which makes it necessary to carefully adjust the length of the slate when it is pulled out of the collet. With any hard pressure on the lead, its end breaks off.

Working with an automatic pencil allows the tool to be held obliquely relative to the paper plane. Micrograph leads are available in several soft versions - 2H, H, F, B, 2B. The drawing and the drawing executed by the micrograph differ in special grace and reserved simplicity.

Paper requirements:

a) when working with a reedfeder and felt-tip pen, there are no particularly stringent requirements for paper quality. It is advisable to draw on paper with a dense surface (Whatman paper or cardboard), but also on bad paper with loose, lint-free surfaces. Refefers and felt-tip pens can be used to draw lines. The lower the quality of the paper, the wider and with a more rounded end should be the rosfeder's blades, the thicker the felt-tip felt should be;

b) when working with graphosomes, rapidograph, variograph, micrograph it is necessary to pay special attention to the quality of the paper. These tools function well when drawing on paper with a smooth dense surface (drawing drawing paper), special pencil and ink tracing paper, graph paper. The mascara fits well on the surface of such sheets; feather of graphos, pipe carpidograph, thin automatic dowel pencil, move without difficulty, without scratching the paper. If you try to work with the listed tools on a paper with a loose, large-textured, lint-free surface, then the graphos feather, the rapid -needle cap of the rapidograph become clogged, the mascara comes with difficulties, the contours of the lines blur. When working on coarse paper, thin pencils of automatic pencils break off.

The third group of tools for linear graphics consists of tools with which linear graphics is modeled from ready-made elements. These devices include special stencils and templates.

Stencils - sheets of thick plastic, plastic films with carved outlines of images of equipment parts; symbols used in technical, cartographic, architectural drawing; contours of circles, ellipses, etc. Stencils greatly simplify the work of a draftsman, engineer, architect, designer, but their use is advisable only when working on graphic drawings, where the nature of graphics should be extremely informative with a wide use of conventional symbols, a special style of coarse linear graphics in relatively thick lines. These devices are widely used in working drawing, working on technical drawings and diagrams. In training for this style of graphics you need to prepare purposefully. The skills of compositional work, acquired in the initial stages of training in the process of drawing, drawing with the use of various simple tools, are formed in a certain culture. These skills late in the new courses promote literate, conscious use of letrasets, stencils, templates.

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1.3 Requirements for tools used in the technique of linear graphics

Architectural and project graphics