The phrase "struggle for quality of life" is perceived by most of us as synonymous with the concept of "the pursuit of material wealth." Meanwhile, the air quality in a residential area is more important than the “status” elements of the interior, brand clothes or designer furniture. After all, prolonged and systematic exposure to poor-quality (inconsistent with acceptable standards) air can cause a deterioration of health, a decrease in efficiency and, alas, a deterioration in health. Permissible and optimal rates of air mobility, its temperature, humidity are not in vain spelled out in the technical regulations and sets of rules. According to the requirements of State Standards, taking into account all the parameters of the room, a ventilation scheme is being developed in a panel house, a brick high-rise building, and any other apartment building. To provide the necessary air exchange (removal of polluted air and fresh air), a ventilation system is calculated and designed. Let us consider in more detail how a ventilation system in an apartment building can be implemented.
In addition to the drawings of the placement of air ducts, air distributors, ventilation lines and other elements of the ventilation system, the detailing of the ventilation equipment units is being developed, energy consumption and overall dimensions are calculated. The ventilation device in the panel house, as well as in the brick house should be thoughtful and effective, because in addition to ensuring air exchange, it is also important to maintain heat in the dwelling during the winter period. In addition, properly equipped ventilation can prevent the spread of fire in the event of an emergency, this is facilitated by the use of fire-resistant materials during installation, the installation of automatic safety valves.
The choice of the ventilation system is made for a specific building, taking into account the number of floors, building category, the estimated level of traffic noise, the degree of air pollution. The organization of air movement through ventilation ducts, carried out in a natural way (due to temperature and wind pressure drops) is recommended for rooms located inside quarters, with a transport noise level not exceeding 50 dBA. Systems with forced induction of exhaust or inflow are set to ensure comfortable conditions in buildings where the level of traffic noise at the facades exceeds 50 dBA.
The scheme of ventilation wiring channels in a multi-storey building using a common main shaft, which receives air from the accelerating satellite channels.
ventilation, carried out by the natural removal of air through traction arising in the ventilation ducts due to the temperature difference and the influx of external air through the vents and windows;
combined system with forced removal and natural air inflow or, on the contrary, with mechanical injection of fresh air and natural removal;
completely mechanical as removal of the fulfilled, and forcing of fresh air.
Fresh air enters the room in different ways, it depends on the ventilation system used. In case there is no heating of the supply air, it should be supplied to the upper zone to ensure the best mixing with the heated room air. In systems where the supply air is heated by heating devices, outside air enters the devices or behind them to ensure its heating. In systems with decentralized flow, where air is heated with the help of built-in heaters in the inlet devices, air is supplied in the upper or lower zone of the room. The air supply is carried out in the living rooms (children's room, office, bedroom and living room).
The exhaust air, regardless of the type of ventilation system, should be made from the upper zone of kitchens, bathrooms and other auxiliary facilities. Ventilation grilles should be located at a height of 2 m (or higher) from the floor level.
The scheme of the ventilation wiring channels with the removal of air through a separate ventilation channels.
The ventilation scheme in an apartment building should be made with obligatory zoning of cleanliness, the flow of polluted air from the auxiliary rooms to residential areas should be excluded.
It is advisable to combine exhaust ventilation shafts of individual rooms into blocks. Air exchange systems with the natural motivation of inflow and discharge of air are best performed separately (excluding vertical or horizontal collecting ducts). Ventilation in a multi-storey building can be arranged by connecting the ventilation channels of different floors to the common (prefabricated) channel.
Diagram of a natural ventilation system with air removal through satellite channels communicating with the main channel through one floor
Accession to the mine shaft channels-satellites must be made through one or more floors. Exhaust ducts of the two upper floors should not be connected to the collecting channel, it is more advisable to separate leads.
Depending on the scheme of the organization of air exchange, there is a distinction between ventilation with mixing and ventilation with air displacement. Air exchange with mixing is characteristic for rooms with airtight vapor barrier, concrete and brick buildings with airtight walls. Both the intake and exhaust ventilation is carried out with the help of small ventilation windows, the slits of door and window openings are also taken into account.
Due to the high local velocity of the air flow, fresh and polluted air is effectively mixed and removed. Thus, it is impossible to remove all harmful impurities, because there are always zones with almost zero air velocity in the room. Only the proper organization of the ventilation system can achieve the desired effect.
The layout of the ventilation ducts with connection to the pre-built ventilation channel through two floors
Most often in Russia the system of forced-air and exhaust ventilation was used before. It is carried out due to the natural thrust arising due to the temperature difference between the internal and external air. The popularity of the device system, in which the source of fresh air are cracks in the window covers and open air vents due to the low cost of the device and simplicity. In addition, ventilation with natural influx practically did not need additional maintenance.
Today, due to the tightness of modern windows, natural ventilation in an apartment building is ineffective. Only a few of us in the cold season will want to lose precious heat to provide the necessary air flow. However, even depressurization of the apartment (opening the window) brings only additional discomfort from raising the noise level (from the street), loss of heat, but still does not provide the necessary air flow for effective ventilation. Humidity increases imperceptibly, in a warm humid microclimate of an apartment with stale air excellent conditions are created for the growth of fungi and mold, which is unpleasant and unhealthy.
By using a regulated system with natural inflow through the inlet valves, it is possible not only to provide the necessary level of air exchange, but also to reduce the noise getting into the apartment. A mechanical exhaust (as well as a mechanical supply and exhaust) ventilation system can achieve the normalization of the air-thermal regime of apartments, which will make it possible to significantly reduce the cost of heat generation. Air recovery (heat recovery from exhaust air) can maintain an optimal microclimate at low energy costs.
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