Man built from ancient times: the pyramids, archipelago, temples and much more. It is worth noting that all these buildings are preserved for many centuries and almost do not change or collapse. Why this happens, we can only guess. Today, technologies have reached the point that modern construction can achieve practically similar results, although only descendants will have to judge this. In order for the building to last for a long time, it is necessary to choose the right terrain and location for construction prior to construction. It is for such purposes that engineering surveys are conducted before the construction of a building or structure.
Engineering surveys include several types of work :
Engineering and geological surveys imply a study of the natural environment of the area. At the same time, the history of the formation of the territory, geological processes and much more is being studied.
Engineering and geodetic surveys are an obligatory type of work for engineering studies of the terrain. They include topographic surveys, the process of settling a building and other surveying works. Topographical survey helps to collect data on the terrain. It can be of various kinds:
Each type of survey is designed to produce specific results. For example, to draw up various plans, to identify deviations from the project, but the main thing is that without this type of survey it is impossible to draw up a correct master plan for construction on a specific area.
Engineering and environmental surveys are carried out in order to assess the state of the environment, as well as to make forecasts of the ecology of the area.
Geotechnical surveys are carried out on the basis of a complete analysis of the soil of a particular area. Soils are analyzed for drawing up a specific foundation plan, to study the possibility of deformation, to control the construction of buildings and adjacent territories, as well as to study other processes.
Engineering and geophysical surveys are both part of the previous four types of surveys, and an independent type of work. They are conducted to identify the conditions of work and the specifics of the tasks to be solved.
All types of research carried out qualitatively and responsibly, will give you a complete picture of the area on which you are going to build residential or public premises. After examining the terrain thoroughly and having received a preliminary forecast for many years to come, you can confidently build or, conversely, change the place for construction with confidence.
Perhaps it was in this way that they used to reveal where and what should be built. Perhaps this method was significantly different from the modern, which in principle is not so important. The most important thing is getting the right result.
The design, and subsequently the construction of an engineering structure, is carried out on the basis of a complex of special works, called engineering surveys. The main tasks of engineering surveys are the study of the natural and economic conditions of the area of future construction, the preparation of forecasts for the interaction of construction objects with the environment, the justification of their engineering protection and safe living conditions for the population.
Each research stage should provide the materials with an appropriate design stage. In this regard, there are distinguished surveys: 1) preliminary at the stage of a feasibility study (feasibility study) or feasibility study (TER); 2) at the project stage and 3) at the stage of working documentation.
Surveys are divided into economic and technical. Economic surveys are carried out in order to determine the economic feasibility of building a structure in a specific place, taking into account the provision of construction materials, raw materials, transport, water, energy, labor, etc. to it. Economic surveys are usually preceded by technical ones. Technical surveys are conducted in order to give comprehensive information about the natural conditions of the site in order to best account for and use them in the design and construction.
To assess the site of the proposed construction, the following surveys are carried out in a comprehensive manner: the main ones are engineering-geodesic, engineering-geological and hydrogeological; hydrometeorological, climatological, meteorological, soil geobotanical, etc. The main surveys are carried out primarily on all types of structures.
Engineering and geodetic surveys provide information about the terrain and the terrain situation and serve as a basis not only for design, but also for other types of surveys and surveys. In the process of engineering and geodetic surveys, work is carried out to create a geodesic study and topographical survey at various scales on the construction site, tracing linear structures, geodetic binding of geological workings, hydrological sections, geophysical prospecting points and many other works.
Geotechnical and hydrogeological surveys provide an opportunity to get an idea about the geological structure of the area, physical and geological phenomena, soil strength, composition and nature of groundwater, etc. This information allows you to make a correct assessment of the construction conditions of the structure.
Hydrometeorological surveys provide information about the water regime of rivers and reservoirs, the main characteristics of the climate of the area. In the process of hydrometeorological surveys determine the nature of changes in levels, slopes, study the direction and speed of currents, calculate the water flow, make measurements of the depths, keep track of sediments, etc.
Engineering surveys for construction also include: geotechnical control, hazard and risk assessment from natural and man-made processes; justification of measures for engineering protection of territories; local monitoring of environmental components, scientific research in the process of engineering surveys, author's supervision over the use of exploration products; cadastral and other related work and research during construction, operation and disposal of facilities.
The content and scope of engineering surveys are determined by the type, type and size of the designed structure, local conditions and the degree of their knowledge, as well as the design stage. Different types of structures, the construction technology of which has much in common and surveys for which are carried out according to a similar scheme, can be grouped together: areal and linear structures. Areal facilities include: settlements, industrial enterprises, airports, etc., to the linear - roads, power lines, pipelines, etc.
The order, methodology and accuracy of engineering surveys are established mainly in building codes, for example, SNiP 11-02-96 and SNiP 11-04-97.
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