addresses the issues of reconstruction and restoration of various real estate objects - historical and modern buildings and structures: houses, temples, industrial buildings, museums and monuments in Russia and in the world.
St. Petersburg, like many other cities of Russia and the world in which the cultural heritage sites are located, is a developing metropolis, therefore the coordination of the interests of the protection of historical and cultural heritage with the need for the development and reconstruction of territories is one of the most important tasks.
The new Concept of the General Plan, which is used by the authors of the textbook, considers the following as the main goals for the protection of objects of cultural heritage, for example, St. Petersburg:
- the selection of objects and parameters of the historical environment of value (objects of protection) and subject to unconditional preservation;
- formulation of directions and methods of permissible transformations, ensuring the preservation of the objects of protection, the creation of a system of restrictions for these transformations.
The Concept of the General Plan provides for:
- preservation of the principle of landscape-urban uniqueness of the metropolis of St. Petersburg, which consists in the spatial connection of the historical part of the city with autonomous historical small cities and settlements, alternating with free from development areas, forests, water spaces;
- the preservation of the following basic town-planning objects for the protection of a historical settlement, recorded in a historical and cultural support plan:
a) valuable and sustainable elements of the planning structure:
elements of the historical system of settlement;
the ratio between natural and urban areas;
tracing of historical highways, water transport “corridors”, sections of historical railways;
b) valuable elements of the landscape-compositional structure:
- the development of the basic compositional principles of the formation of the landscape-town-planning system of St. Petersburg in creating the spatial image of the megalopolis: the main role of the waters of the Gulf of Finland and the Neva, planning techniques that take into account the landscape features of the territories, the ratio of dispersed dominants and background buildings;
- when repurposing industrial territories, railway junctions, preserving valuable cultural heritage sites and including them in new architectural compositions.
The concept of the General Plan provides for the introduction of differentiated regimes (regulations) of the use of the territories of the historical center. Provided for:
- the establishment of a zone of town planning activities of special regulation for the territory of the historical center of St. Petersburg, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List;
- preservation of the following main town planning objects of protection of the historical center, recorded in the historical and cultural support plan;
- ensuring the priority of culture-generating functions in determining the uses of cultural heritage objects; the withdrawal of industrial enterprises and institutions of the Ministry of Defense and the replacement of functions that do not correspond to the significance of the Center;
- carrying out a comprehensive reconstruction of neighborhoods, including engineering infrastructure, in accordance with a program that takes into account the requirements for the protection of cultural heritage;
- measures to ensure the physical preservation of cultural heritage sites and the historical environment:
‾ a ban on the movement of freight transport, minimization of the movement of vehicles with parking facilities on the periphery of the Center, the organization of pedestrian areas;
‾ restriction of underground construction, ensuring the requirements for the preservation of the hydrogeological system of the Center of St. Petersburg as an element of the general architectural and natural system, including the soils of the foundation and foundations of historic buildings;
‾ restoration of cultural heritage sites (the total number of protected sites is about 8,000, including federal values of about 4,000, regional values of about 2,000, of identified objects about 2,000);
‾ repair of historic buildings, reconstruction of dilapidated and emergency fund;
‾ monitoring of the technical condition of objects;
- measures to improve the security system:
Strengthening the role of urban planning protection, developing a system of transformation restrictions for fragments of the Center’s territory based on historical and cultural expertise;
Clarification of the lists of cultural heritage sites in accordance with the historical and cultural examinations conducted, the inclusion in the Unified State Register of cultural heritage sites of the main urban-planning ensembles of the Center of St. Petersburg;
‾ completion of work on the passport of cultural heritage objects, the inclusion in the passports of objects of protection and the borders of the territories of protected objects;
Improvement of the system of protection zones on the basis of environmental zoning of territories, bringing it into line with current legislation;
‾ the creation of an open information system on the objects of protection and restrictions on possible transformations for the territories of historical development;
Improvement of the legislative and regulatory framework.
The main provisions of the program of priority urban planning activities for the period up to 2010. The concept of the General Plan is focused on solving urgent problems and eliminating particularly acute imbalances in the development of the city.
The objectives of the program of priority activities are as follows:
‾ increase in average housing provision to 23 sq.m / person;
‾ a sharp increase in the volume of transport construction;
‾ engineering support of the main areas of mass construction and reconstruction.
The program of priority measures includes town-planning programs and projects, the implementation of which creates crucial prerequisites for the successful development of St. Petersburg.
In the field of housing, the most important are:
‾ the program of reconstruction of the five-storey and dilapidated housing stock,
‾ program for the elimination of communal settlement,
‾ social housing development program.
In the field of construction of facilities in the service sector, the most important tasks are:
‾ Achievement in the new and reconstructed residential areas of 100%, and in other residential areas - 90% provision with complexes of socially guaranteed objects of education, education, health, trade and the cultural and domestic sphere;
Construction of facilities and complexes stipulated by the city programs for the development of health care, education, social welfare for the disabled and senior citizens.
The uniqueness of the “Big St. Petersburg” lies in the spatial harmony of the city and its environs, where small cities and settlements alternate with undeveloped territories, agricultural and forest land, as well as the water area. It is this historically established integrity since 1989 that is under the protection of UNESCO. In order to preserve the nature and structure of the megalopolis, it is now proposed to give the gaps between it and the nearest historical settlements the status of zones of "special urban planning regulation of local significance." These zones include the Pulkovo field, the forest park at the Red Dawns platform, Oranienbaum, Shungerovsky, Olginsko-Sestroretsky and Tarkhovsky forest parks. The mode of use of these territories provides for the development of recreational and the preservation of agricultural functions; the organization of natural reserves and zakazniks, as well as a ban on the capital construction of buildings for any purpose other than sports and recreational.
In the heat of territorial expansion, when annually up to 1.5 million square meters were put into operation. housing, the city stepped over the problem areas and moved on. Now it's time to level the quality of urban fabric . But while investments in housing overhaul cover no more than 6% of the need, and the turnaround time has tripled. If we proceed from the need for a major overhaul at least once in 30 years, we need to overhaul and upgrade by 2015 18-20 million square meters. m. of housing.
Therefore, the problems of technology, economics, organization and construction materials for the reconstruction and restoration of real estate objects considered in the textbook are extremely relevant and useful for students and specialists in the investment and construction sphere.
In the life of Russia and other countries, there are currently considerable changes in the field of reconstruction and restoration of the architectural heritage. There is a reconstruction of residential houses of the first mass series, the re-equipment of the old housing stock for commercial and office premises, the restoration of religious buildings. Work in this case is not always carried out by architects and builders who have sufficient professional knowledge and skills. And the market conditions and the decentralization of project and contract business make it difficult to monitor compliance with scientifically based requirements for building materials, technology, organization and economics of a single process of investing, designing, recreating and operating our cultural and historical objects.
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