BRIEF TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

Avant - gardism is a movement in the artistic culture of the 20th century, for which the novelty of expressive means is an end in itself. It includes such artistic movements as expressionism, cubism, futurism, dadism, surrealism, literature “stream of consciousness”, “new novel”, theater of the absurd. By the avant-garde music include serial music, specific music , aleatoric, pointillism, sonorism, electronic music.

Abstractionism - the direction in the art of the 20Fs, from the F it seemed from the image of real objects in painting and sculpture. The main currents of abstract art are Suprematism and Neoplasticism, creating orderly con fi

Structures of lines, geometric figures and volumes, as well as Tashism, which sought to express the spontaneity and unconsciousness of creativity with the dynamics of the spots.

Abssurd - the basis of many architectural practices of the twentieth century. Describes a range of phenomena that cannot be formally interpreted, verbal formalization, and often constructed on the principles of alogism, paradox, nonsense. In architecture, it expresses antitectonics, the desire to express the overcoming of the laws of gravity, to overcome the irresistible.

Allegory is an allegory, a specific image that replaces abstract concepts. For example, the image of a bowl and a snake wrapped around it is an allegory of medicine.

Empire (from the French. "Imperial") - style in architecture, sculpture and decorative art of the first three decades of the nineteenth century. He relied on the artistic heritage of imperial Rome. At the time of Napoleon, Leon was distinguished by the presence of military emblems.

Artifact - all sorts of visual and audiovisual space objects, installations, actions, assemblage. Typical experimental products of the transitional stage of culture, practically not possessing spiritual, aesthetic, or artistic value.

Association - the connection of the perceived image with the ideas of our consciousness.

Baroque (from it. "Quaint"). Artistic style from the 17th century, characterized by saturation and dynamics, as well as the combination of reality with illusions.

Inspiration - the highest rise of creativity.

The expression is “dispersion” in the surrounding reality, in the works of art of the intrinsic experience of the one who expresses, the experience of the creator, the creator.

Harmony is an essential characteristic of the beautiful. Comparability of parts, the merging of various components of an object into a single organic whole.

Gestalt - (from him. " Gestalt ") a holistic form, image, structure, rather than individual sensations - a spatial-visual form of perception of objects.

Design - (from the English. "Project, image") - the theory and practice of artistic design of technical systems.

Gothic is a medieval artistic style characterized by striving towards the sky, vertical lines, slimness, and additional stained-glass color.

Humanism is one of the most beautiful and great ideas that emerged in the history of European thought. Means insisting on the human dimension of all relationships. This idea gradually entered human consciousness in all the variety of its forms. Specific forms of humanism differed depending on different religions and different historical conditions. Sometimes the idea of ​​humanism departed from life, but then came back again to become an integral part of the civilized consciousness. The opponent of this idea has always been power, but the idea of ​​humanism has won it, and it was a victory of conviction over force.

Deconstruction - (J. Derrido) - a method based on the principles of disassembling any structure into its component parts, with the aim of their subsequent assembly with additional elements by mounting a new design, new integrity.

Disharmony (from the Greek. "Inconsistency") - the absence or violation of harmony, cacophony.

Drama is a literary genre, simultaneously belonging to the theater and literature. Specificity is the plot, the conflict of action and its division into stage episodes, a continuous chain of statements of the characters, the lack of a narrative beginning.

A genre is a division of a type of art according to the subject or structure of products. In literature, this is a story, a novel, a novel. Painting genres: historical, household, battle, portrait, landscape, still life.

Painting - a form of fine art, whose works are created using paints applied to the surface.

A game is a type of unproductive activity, the motive of which lies not in its results, but in the process itself. Kant introduced the concept of "free game" in aesthetics. In architectural design, “game” corresponds to the concepts of “spontaneity”, “spontaneous composition” - a composition organized as a result of free play according to quasi-strict rules, expressing order and chaos, and their intermediate states and combinations.

The ideal (from the Greek. “Idea, prototype”) is the ideal image that man, generation, society, civilization is guided by. The value of the ideal in the life of people is difficult to overestimate, because this ideal image opens up new horizons for people, allows embracing the world in terms of its completeness and perfection, makes it possible for everyone to form a new world view that is broader than its predecessors. In practical life, the ideal phenomenon exists since people exist. As a theoretical problem, the ideal was first identified by representatives of German classical philosophy - Kant, Hegel, Schelling.

The Style Icon is a classic design that can be used to restore the history of design development, its creative directions (they generally coincide with the directions of major styles in architectural creativity), as well as the history of design schools, original designs, and leading design firms.

Impressionism (from the French. "Impression") direction in the art of the second half of XIX – XX centuries, whose representatives portrayed the world in its movement and variability, conveying their fleeting impressions, deeply individual. In painting, the impressionists were E. Manet, C. Monet, O. Renoir, E. Degas, and others; in music, M. Ravel, C. Debussy, A. Scriabin, and others; in literature, impressionism as a tendency manifested itself in the works de Maupassant, O. Wilde, M. Proust, D Joyce.

Intuition (from the Latin. "To stare") intuition, insight, direct comprehension, inner light, closed within the individual and not visible to everyone, but allowing to grasp beauty and perfection in the subject of aesthetic contemplation.

Irony (from the Greek. "Pretense") - denial or ridicule, whenF creatively clothed in the form of approval. Based on allegory.

Art - artistic creativity in general - literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, music, decorative and applied art, dance, theater, cinema and other varieties of human activity, combined by this concept as artistic forms of mastering the world.

Kalokagatia - (Greek calos - beautiful and agathos - moral, perfect) concept denoting the harmony of the external and the internal, which is a condition of human beauty.

The canon (from the Greek. "Norm") - a set of immutable rules is characteristic of religious art with its constant vision of the world.

Catharsis (from the Greek. "Purification") is a term of ancient aesthetics, expressing the beneficial effects of art on the human soul.

Classicism (from the Latin. "Exemplary"). Artistic direction in European art XVII - early. Nineteenth centuries. The most important feature is the high civic consciousness of the subject, an appeal to the samples and forms of ancient art as an aesthetic standard. At the heart of the aesthetics of classicism are the principles of rationalism. Classicism requires a strict hierarchy of genres: high - tragedy, epic, ode; low - comedy, satire, fable. The leading genre of classicism is tragedy.

Kitsch (German. "Kitchen") - externally spectacular, but internally empty hack, a sample of vulgarity. The art industry has spread as an industrial imitation of unique products.

Comic (from the Greek. "Funny"). The essence of the comic Plato saw in the "ugly", Kant - in turning something important into "nothing", but more often the comic is understood as "inconsistency", inconsistency between the end and the means, the action and its result.

Konsanane - euphony in music.

Conceptualism is an avant-garde trend in modern art that emerged in the 70–80s of the 20th century. It is characterized by deliberately demonstrative presentation of the author's concept, which turns the work into a concept, as well as an active game with recognizable styles, speech stamps, mass consciousness, everyday behavior, and stereotypes of mass culture. The artist conceptualist seeks to expose the gap, the discrepancy between the familiar sign and the reality designated by it, to discredit a false concept that distorts the picture of the world. Using the objects of popular culture, in which originality is superseded by a quote, a stamp, the conceptualist creates a work that is by its nature a total quote that reproduces the essence of a particular phenomenon.

Conceptual art is the system of forms of modern art: bodyfart, performance, landfart, videofart, “cultural art”.

Creative - (eng. Creative) F creative creative process of formation and implementation of the original idea, the creative core of personality, which determines the invariant of all artistic decisions. This is a relatively unique combination of expressive forms necessary to achieve a certain goal and designed for the perception of the target audience and, in particular, cases, the management of its behavior.

Cubism is one of the manifestations of avant-garde. Exists from the beginning of the 20th century. It consists in the geometrization of the image. Legalized the collage.

The founder - P. Picasso.

A labyrinth is an ingenious system of entangled moves with branches, which has only one correct path to the center or exit.

Manner - the individual style of the creator, "handwriting."

Metarealism in poetry is a postmodernist current in modern art, the opposite of conceptualism that emerged in the years 70–80F. XX century. Typical is the desire for multidimensional perception of the world and, as a result, the ultimate complication of the ethical language. The image in metarealism is interpreted as the disclosure of the mythological justification of the object, the unity of countless realities, as a super-artistic generalization appealing to the archetypes of the collective unconscious. The leading artistic principle is metamorphosis, which expresses the idea of ​​continuous change of essence. Creativity of metarealists can be interpreted as an attempt by modern man to restore a syncretic holistic vision of the world.

The artistic method is the most stable and repetitive principles for writers and artists.

Mimesis - (Greek. Imitation, reproduction, image) - the fundamental concept of ancient aesthetics, denoting the essence of art, imitation of nature (space).

Modernism is the general designation of a number of phenomena in the world art of the 20th century. The word itself, which means “modern” in French, emphasizes the desire to create new forms that are opposed to the forms of classical art. This feature of modernism is often regarded as a response of a part of the artistic intelligentsia to the upheavals of the 20th century. Covers many schools and trends - imagism , futurism, constructivism, surrealism, expressionism, absurdism , etc.

Naturalism is an artistic trend in European art of the second half of the nineteenth century. (E. Zola), in contrast to realism, which gives great importance to biological and physiological principles in people's lives.

Pantomime (from the Greek. "Everything that reproduces imitation") is a special kind of art, the expressive means of which are gestures, facial expressions, body movements, body plastic.

Plastic - the visible structure of the body, grace, virtuosity as the highest degree of grace.

Perifraz - descriptive turn of speech, giving the narrative greater expressiveness ("the king of birds" instead of "eagle"). In the paraphrase, the name of an object, a person is replaced by its attribute, often with ironic subtext: a titan of thought, the father of Russian democracy is about the “Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov Kis Vorobyaninov.

Rococo (from the French. "Shell fragments") - palace-fundamental style of the XVIII century, extravagant and erotic.

The novel is a genre of literature revealing the history of many human destinies. For many centuries of its existence, a French novel has changed its shape many times. Its predecessor was the ancient epic, which was replaced by a knightly romance in the Middle Ages . Actually, the novel as an epic of private life was formed only at the end of the Renaissance (the roguish novel "Gilles Blas" by Lessage, etc.). The beginning of the English educational novel of the 18th century. - “Robinson Crusoe” Defoe. The epoch of romanticism is marked by the appearance of a historical novel (V. Scott, V. Hugo). In the XIX century. a realistic novel appeared (Balzac, Stendal).

The Romanesque style prevailed in the architecture of Western Europe in the 10th – 13th centuries. Church monastic and serf style, designed to exalt the power of God. Characteristic are massive walls, the thickness of which was emphasized by narrow windows and recessed steps of the portals. In the paintings - these are scenes of the Last Judgment.

Romanticism - the direction in Western culture of the late XVIII - 1F half of the XIX centuries. In the XVII century. the epithet “romantic” served to characterize adventurous and heroic works written in the Romance languages ​​as opposed to those created in the classical languages. At the end of the XVIII century. the word "romanticism" became the name of an artistic movement that opposed classicism.

Satire is a manifestation of the ridiculous, in which the critical principle begins.

Sentimentalism (from fr. “Feeling”) is a trend in literature and art of the second half of the 18th century, characterized by a heightened interest in human feelings and aggravated by an emotional interest in the outside world.

A symbol is an image that replaces another image or implies a wider meaning. In art, supporters of symbolism considered the earthly as a symbol of super-existence, in the visible they always saw the secret.

Simulacrum - in the classification of aesthetics, this word expressed a likeness of reality as a result of imitation of it, but in the postneclassification it is something that there is no meaning or content for, it is a snag.

Styling F is a special type of formal-aesthetic modernization, in which only the appearance of the product is changed, not related to the change of function and improvement of its technical or operational qualities.

Style (from the Greek. "Tool for writing") is the handwriting of writing, the warehouse of speech, the manner of writing, the formal features of artistic execution. Usually the individual style of the creator is explored, but there are styles of epochs and peoples.

Surrealism is an irrational vision of life under the influence of unconscious mental motives. It was born in literature, but was especially evident in painting (S. Dali, M. Ernst).

Technical aesthetics - the science of the laws of artistic design (the theory of design).

Tragedy is a dramatic work depicting extremely acute insoluble collisions and, as a rule, ending with the death of the hero.

Tradition (lat. "Transmission, narration") - historically combined and handed down from generation to generation customs, practices, rules of conduct and the creation of artistic works.

Trivialization is the deprivation of reality and its individual objects and phenomena of aesthetic origin.

Conditionality is the unreality of the art world. Conventionality of life in art and its vision from the heights of the ideal. The artistic conventionality is the result of an ideal vision, which presupposes a human principle where it is not: in the world of nature, the cosmos and technology.

Artistic design is a creative activity in the creation of technical systems in an industrial way in accordance with utilitarian and artistic laws.

Sensory perception - consciousness, analyzed in connection with the selected objects, expressing the highest degree of emphasis.

Expressionism (from the French. “Expression”) is one of the avant-garde trends in the art of the 20th century, which is characterized by an increased manifestation of feelings, inner experiences of a person. When depicting war, the Expressionists portrayed the nightmares of senseless slaughter and a sharp protest against it.

Environment - (eng. Environment - environment, environment) - art-environment of human habitat, the creation of which is aimed at modern architecture, urban planning, design, industrial design.

Aesthetic pleasure is a process, the beginning of which is admiration for the beauty of the picture, the building, the refinement of speech. The whole precedes the particulars, and further discernment begins.