The creation of green areas as a system of urban environment is faced with the difficulties associated with land ownership and the lack of a single economic planning. It is no coincidence that the report of the American delegation at the XI Congress of the International Union of Architects in 1972 recognized that “private land ownership is just a ghost, always hovering over us when it comes to organizing a holiday.” The operation of many parks and gardens pursues purely commercial objectives, the very placement of these objects is subordinated to the division of the capitalist city into rich areas where privileged parts of the population live, and working areas whose improvement is carried out at a lower level. At the same time, in a purely technical and professional sense, the created park objects characterize a high level of development of the territory and are of particular interest. This chapter also discusses parks created in the socialist countries.
Let us dwell on some of the features of foreign park construction.
First of all, the limitation of the areas of park territories compels designers to search for spatial and visual interrelations between urban structures and the park environment.
So, for a small park in the La Défense district (Paris) with an area of 25 hectares, designed in the surrounding of buildings, this problem is solved as follows. In the northern part of the building is projected ledges, going down to the border of the park. The construction of such "terraced houses" allows you to visually connect a large number of apartments with the park space and at the same time push its boundaries apart, eliminating the adverse multi-storey buildings from the adverse visual impact. In the southeastern part of the park, construction of giant tower houses (25–40 floors) is planned, which will be placed freely and, according to the author’s plan, will enter the array of park plantings as giant trunks of redwood trees (Appendix, fig. B 20, b).
A close connection of the park with the surrounding buildings is envisaged in the Oderpark in Frankfurt by gradually “flowing” open and green spaces into adjacent neighborhoods. The same principle is used in the design of a park complex in Hamburg-Osdorf, which includes, in addition to the main part of 120 hectares, a number of green “processes” 60–100 m wide and 500 m long, which will provide unimpeded pedestrian access to the park from the depth of the building.
Modern parks should meet the most diverse tastes of visitors. This makes it necessary to create not just multifunctional parks with appropriate territorial zoning, but also to carefully develop the mode of use of the park, to determine its predicted attendance.
Thus, the above-mentioned complex of parks in Hamburg-Osdorf is divided into 6 parts, each of which is adjacent to a particular residential area and has a specific nomenclature of park facilities and devices, including a summer theater, golf courses, tennis, mini-golf, cricket and more. , a reading room, a cafeteria, a festive square, a pond for fishing, a meadow for lying on the grass, a garden for practicing plastic arts, a playground "Robinson", a meadow for gymnastics, etc. - more than 40 items in total, where direct communication with nature in the form of showing areas of a protected landscape, hiking and horseback riding were included as part of. The main territory of the park of 120 hectares is designed to service 60 thousand visitors. The solution of flexible use of territories in the Olympic Park of Munich is interesting: a huge parking area at the central stadium, which can hold up to 5 thousand cars, is used for sport games on ordinary days. Its area is covered with plates with grass seams and divided by rows of trees.
Simultaneously with the multifunctional, specialized parks are created, differentiated according to the functions of use - exhibition, sports, children’s, historical and cultural (“ethnographic”), etc.
The Munich Olympic Park (an area of 141 hectares), created on the territory of the monotonous plain and former dumps, is among the sports. The new artificial landscape of the park organically includes a complex of sports fields, an information center, a television tower, etc. Between the stadium, the gymnasium and the swimming pool, combined with an awning covering, the planning center of the park is located - its main area is the space intended for public events. All the roads of the park converge here. The center of this composition is “theater” - a place for open-air shows. Seats for spectators are located on a slope in the form of crescent-shaped terraces on the shore of an artificial reservoir. They are focused on the floating stage, arranged on pontoons. The background of the stage, its theatrical background, is the water surface and the hill on the opposite shore.
An interesting park for children “Children's Country” was opened in Japan in 1971. The park area is 39.5 hectares, it is located on the peninsula of the reservoir. There are carefully thought out gaming entertainment and educational forms of recreation that encourage creativity and the development of imagination. There is no clear zoning in the park, the roads link “equipped” and “natural” landscapes.
Of particular interest are international parks, exhibitions of floriculture and gardening. They are peculiar reviews of the achievements of landscape art and floriculture. So, in 1969, in Paris in the New Park (30 hectares), an exhibition of flowers was opened under the motto “Flowers in meadows and forests”. Around the artificial reservoir were presented various exhibition areas “forest flowers”, “valley of flowers”, “flowers of France and the world”, “water flowers”, etc. Then similar gardens and exhibitions were held in Austria, Holland, Germany. Recently, the National Ornamental Gardening Festival in the UK has been developing. Exhibition parks are organized on waste land.
Such a festival in Stokon-Trent, which took place in 1986, became very popular. The concept of a modern foreign park found its expression in the idea of the park La Villette (Paris). At present, parks in Paris are mostly green spaces designed for walking and recreation, usually visited by children and the elderly. In winter and in bad weather they are empty. Therefore, there is a need to create a universal park, designed to serve all age groups that are actively working all year round, “on working days and weekends until late at night, ensuring accessibility and safety.” For the park allocated the territory of the former warehouses and slaughterhouses of 55 hectares. An international competition was announced, to which designers from many countries responded, in the end, about 700 projects were submitted to the jury for consideration, including several from the Soviet Union. In the design assignment, the idea of a park of the twenty-first century was actually formulated; his tasks included:
- merging of cultural and scientific achievements - the park is simultaneously connected with the city and meets narrowly targeted goals;
- performance of the functions of a cultural center, a meeting place, dialogues between art and technology;
- performing the role of "garden city" and "garden-city" with the unity of the landscape, architecture and composition.
The implementation of this idea was proposed by organizing a museum of science and technology, a music center with an exhibition hall. The task envisaged the construction of greenhouses: demonstration - with cafes and places for recreation, didactic - with the display of a new technology for growing various crops, practical use, where visitors can work; the “Astronomical Garden” device with a radio telescope, an observatory and meteorological instruments for the amateur club, scientific clubs (modeling with workshops, a radio club, etc.); water system; centers of activity for performances, concerts, fireworks, public meetings for 1,500–2,000 seats; thematic gardens (for example, gardens of smells, unusual plants, a mythological garden); wide service system - kiosks, cafes, rental of sports equipment and tools.
The first prize was awarded to the French architect Yves Chumi.
The growth of cities and the sharp deterioration of environmental conditions led to the development of country rest. Therefore, began to create recreational areas and parks.
Such country parks include the Walt-Disneyland park complex (Appendix, fig. B 20). This private park, designed for mass visits, is spread over 11 133 hectares of lake wetlands and includes recreational areas of various profiles, protected areas (3 thousand hectares), where it is planned to conduct environmental studies. Its center is the park "Magic Kingdom" - a town equipped with the latest science and technology on an area of 40.5 hectares. Already in the first year, the park was visited by 12 million people, which doubled the calculated figure.
In addition to parks, mini-parks that occupy small plots of land are spreading in relatively large areas in cities.
With the use of modern construction equipment, indoor gardens and “entertainment palaces” are being created, as well as rooftop gardens for various buildings.
A significant part of the parks is created on land left out of industrial use, quarries, dumps, landfills and waste rocks. In this respect, Polish parks of culture and recreation in the cities of Kielce and Katowice are interesting.
The park in Kielce was opened in 1971 to commemorate the 900th anniversary of the city. It was created on the site of old limestone quarries, an area of 20 hectares. The planning center is a reservoir with a rocky peninsula, on which species platforms, rock gardens, rock geologists and caves are preserved. The main architectural planning node is an open summer theater in the form of an amphitheater for 7 thousand spectators and an extensive stage. Planting trees was carried out on pre-terraced dumps.
The park in Katowice covers an area of 600 hectares and is one of the largest in Europe. Its territory was occupied by waste dumps, pits, wastelands. Currently, the attendance of the park reaches 250 thousand people (on a summer holiday).
The creation of such parks is an exemplary example of reclamation of disturbed lands. The use of powerful equipment and earthmoving machines allows you to move millions of cubic meters of land, create a new relief - artificial hills, ponds, islands, terraces of various forms. Such a transformation of the relief is applied not only in the areas being rehabilitated as parks, but also in almost all new parks (including those we have examined).
In foreign landscape construction, relief modeling is widespread - geoplastics.
An interesting example of the transformation of the relief is the Tramblay youth sports park in Paris. The flat area of 75 hectares is turned into an elliptical bowl, ledging down to the center. The ledges-terraces have arched dynamic contours and are adapted for various sports activities. This solution allows you to cover the entire space of the park from any point.
The multifunctional parks profile requires the placement of an internal park system. As a rule, pedestrian and transport roads are separated. Thus, in the Munich park, the intersections are given in different levels, with the pedestrian being above the driveways. Suspended cable, sometimes monorail roads are widely used. In the Olympic Park of Munich, parallel to the main alleys, 5 m wide, wide grass lanes are arranged during the passage of large streams of visitors. Considerable areas (8–10% and more) are allocated to the formation of a specific park environment that differs from urban development. It develops in two directions - the formation of a clearly artificial landscape with unusual forms (this direction is characteristic of multifunctional parks, especially those where new types of recreational activities are developing) and the natural park environment, which is similar in nature to the natural landscape.
A special place in modern landscape art occupy the work of the Brazilian master artist R. Burl Marx. He was one of the first to abandon traditional park techniques adopted in Brazil, long since coming from Europe and called the colonial style. R. Marx introduced local tropical plants to parks and showed their aesthetic advantages. He applied free “flowing” lines of roads and the shape of flower beds and other planning elements, skillfully including in his objects a decorative covering, mosaic walls, a sculpture. His techniques gave impetus to the formation of and the search for similar compositions in the landscape art of several countries.
Summarizing what has been said about contemporary foreign landscape art, one can single out the following main features:
- The relationship of park space with urban development;
- expanding the range of park facilities;
- development of parks of various types - multifunctional, specialized, extensive suburban parks, mini-parks;
- the emergence of new gardens related to technical capabilities, - roof gardens and indoor gardens;
- Park building as a method of land reclamation;
- large scale earthworks, the use of geoplastics;
- intensive solution of transport problems;
- the formation of new techniques for creating an artificial landscape;
- the formation and preservation of the natural park environment or the creation of appearance by artificial means [10].
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