Ladder cells . Industrial construction methods drastically reduced the amount of plastering work done in the stairwells. In mass housing construction according to standard designs, for example, in most cases, plastering is reduced to coating with a joint solution along the interface lines of individual prefabricated elements: wall panels, floors, marches, landings. However, in a number of structures built on individual projects, as well as during reconstruction or major repairs of buildings, plastering of staircases, finishing of marches and grounds, and rubbing of the husks and barrens are envisaged. Ceilings and walls are finished with improved or high quality plaster.
When skewers are not trimmed, it is necessary to plaster only the plane of the marches. At the same time, if necessary, arrange beacons and level the solution on them. Hanging marches should not, it is only necessary that the beacons were at the same level along the width of the march. The solution is applied in the usual way.
If kosoura is trimmed without stretching, then this work is recommended to be followed after the finishing of the march plane. On the kosouri should hang on both sides of the rail and plaster the bottom plane, and then trim the side surfaces. When pulling on kosoura it is recommended to make a template with which you can fully stretch the kosour or only half of it. In either case, excuses going along the plane of the march should be made at least 10 cm wide. When pulled, they will leave strips of solution on the plane, i.e. beacons, on which the plane will be plastered in the future.
The rules are fixed with racks. Solutions for finishing staircases and marches are specified in the project.
Niche . Niches are recesses in the walls (under window openings or in other places) for the installation of heating appliances, installation of refrigerated cabinets. Niches are plastered differently: in one case, first the plane of the niche (wall), then the sides, in the other case, first the sides, then the plane of the niche.
To get even sides, rules are hung on the walls and mortar is applied on them. Husks, Usenka and chamfers perform in the usual way. Uspenki often leave sharp, and sometimes round or remove chamfers.
Brick stoves . Before the start of plastering, it is necessary that the oven is completely settled and dry. The outer surface of the furnace is completely cleaned of clay with a scraper or spatula, the seams between the bricks are cleared to a depth of at least 10 mm, the remnants are removed with a steel brush.
Before plastering, it is recommended to heat the furnace in order to apply the solution on warm surfaces.
Plaster the furnace with the following solutions, wt. h
Composition I. Clay- 1, lime paste - 1, sand - 2, grade VII asbestos - 0.1
Composition II. Clay - 1, sand - 2, asbestos VII varieties - 0.1.
Composition III. Clay - 1, cement - 1, sand - 2, asbestos VII grade - 0.2.
Composition IV. Gypsum - 1, lime paste - 2, sand - 1, grade VII asbestos - 0.2.
First, prepare a dry mixture of sand, asbestos and, if necessary, cement; then thick clay and lime milk, which is mixed together and mixed with the dry mixture.
Spray produce a liquid solution, after wetting the surface of the furnace. After that, a layer of soil is applied to the spray (preferably twice), the upper layer of soil is smoothed and rubbed. The thickness of the total layer of plaster when finishing furnaces 10-15 mm.
Earth and ground-block surfaces . The following mortar compositions (in bulk) are used for plastering external walls: 1: 2: 4 (lime: clay: sand), for internal walls - 1: 1: 4 (lime: clay: sand). For the coating solution is prepared with a composition of 1: 2: 6 (lime: sand: ground mass). The ground mass is taken the same from which the walls are filled or blocks are made.
Before plastering the surface is moistened with water. As soon as the surface softens a little, it is scratched. A layer of spray is applied to the wetted surface and, after it has hardened, the soil is applied in one or two layers. After setting, apply a covering solution, smoothing it with a trowel, or after drying, rub it with a float.
Fibrolitovye surfaces plastered with cement-lime mortar composition 1: 1: 6 in the usual manner: splashing, primer, cover, which smooth down with a trowel or rubbed with a float.
Reed and solomite surfaces are plastered with lime, gypsum-lime, clay-lime solutions in the usual way. The lower parts of the walls or partitions to a height of 30 cm plastered with cement-lime mortar with the addition of
broken glass that protects the walls from rodents. The bases of the Solomite houses are plastered with a cement solution of the composition 1: 3 or 1: 4. The materials are measured in volumetric parts.
Special plaster . In cases where the design must be made waterproof, acid-resistant or non-heat-conductive, they are plastered with special solutions. These solutions differ from the usual ones in that they introduce chemical additives. The compositions and recipes of additives, as well as the technology of preparing solutions with additives are indicated by the project in each individual case.
Waterproof plasters perform on solutions with the addition of ceresite, liquid glass, sodium aluminate.
Ceresite solutions are prepared by mixing the dry cement-sand mixture with ceresite milk. These solutions are used no later than one hour after mixing.
Ceresite solutions poorly adhere to the previously applied layer. Therefore, it is recommended to apply them in a thin layer, especially on the ground. Apply such solutions can be on dry or on wet surfaces, but without obvious signs of water flow, as the fresh solution is easily washed away.
Cement mortars on liquid glass seize quickly - 2-5 minutes after mixing. Therefore, they should be prepared in a small amount, which can be consumed before setting. The speed of setting of the solution depends on the amount of liquid glass and water. To work, first prepare a dry cement mixture, which is closed with a solution of liquid glass.
Liquid glass is introduced into the solutions for spray and soil; the covering is made of ordinary cement mortar, since liquid glass is destroyed by carbon dioxide contained in the air.
Plastering is performed in the usual way. First, the surface is cleaned, if necessary, cut, then a layer of spray is applied, a layer of soil and a covering are applied onto it; then it is overwritten or ironed.
Solutions with sodium aluminate are used not only to impart water resistance to surfaces, but also to seal various holes in concrete and plastering on wet surfaces made of concrete or brick.
For the construction of sodium aluminate comes in the form of a solution with a density of 1.44. Before work, it is diluted with water. To obtain a solution of sodium aluminate 2-, 3- and 5 percent concentration, 1 wt. including sodium aluminate diluted in 15, 10 or 6 parts of water.
To obtain a waterproofing solution, first prepare a dry cement mixture of 1: 3 composition by weight (cement: sand), then mix the mixture with sodium aluminate solution. For the preparation of plaster solutions take sodium aluminate 2 or 3 percent concentration. For greater homogeneity, the solution must be mixed for at least 2 minutes.
When working, the air temperature in the room should not be below 5 ° C. Water and the solution is heated to 10-30 ° C. The beginning of the setting of the solution occurs in 10-30 minutes depending on the air temperature and the solution. Surfaces plastered with this solution are recommended to be watered with water for three days.
Non-heat-conducting plasters are made from a light quick -drying solution consisting of 1 wt. including cement, 1 lime paste, 2 sand and 5 asbestos. To prepare the solution, cement, sand, and asbesuritum are mixed and a dry mixture is obtained, which is sealed with lime milk.
X-ray protective plasters are used to finish X-ray rooms and isolate them from adjacent rooms where people are located. These plasters are often called barite, because the aggregate in them is barite in the form of dust or sand.
Dusty barite is sifted on a sieve with 400 holes / cm2. Barite sands should have grains not larger than 1.25 mm. Pulverized barite or barite sands must contain at least 85% barium sulphate. Portland cement, slag portland cement and pozzolanic portland cement serve as binders. The solution is prepared of the composition 1: 4 (cement: barite) or 1:? : 4 (cement: lime paste: barite). Lime paste is added to make the solution plastic. Water take 0.9 liters per 1 kg of cement.
The composition of the solution and the thickness of the plaster depend on the power of the installed equipment and are indicated by the project in each individual case.
The solution is applied in layers with a thickness of 4-6 mm, bringing the total thickness of the plaster to not less than 30 mm.
On wooden surfaces, lined with tears, the thickness of the plaster should be greater than the calculated by 10 mm. Do not apply the applied plaster. Work should be done at one time. The temperature in the room should not be below 15 ° C.
Technique of performing the work is the same as when performing conventional plaster.
Acoustic (sound-absorbing) plasters are used to reduce noise. These plasters are made of light solutions with a density of 600-1200 kg / m3. Portland cement, slag Portland cement, lime, gypsum or their mixtures, caustic magnesite are used as binding materials. Fillers are sands with grains of 3-5 mm size from light porous materials - slags, pumice, expanded clay, perlite.
These plasters are treated with any surface, on which the pre-applied cement primer is 10 mm thick. The soil is prepared from a solution of composition 1: 3.5 and 1: 4 with the addition of up to 10% lime dough.
Solutions of acoustic plaster applied to damp soil. The last layer of the solution is leveled with a scraper, but not rubbed.
Acoustic plasters, after drying, are tightened with a cloth or covered with gratings.
Acid-resistant plasters finish the internal surfaces of the chemical plants workshops. Solutions for these plasters are prepared on acid-resistant quartz sand, sodium silicofluoride and liquid glass. The beginning of the setting of acid-resistant plasters occurs no earlier than 30 minutes, the end of the setting no later than 6 hours after mixing. The composition of the solutions also includes acid-resistant aggregates: quartzite, granite, beshtaunit. The aggregates take two fractions: the dust is smaller than 0.15 mm and the sand with a particle size of 0.15-0.6 mm. The formulation of the solutions is indicated by the laboratory or technical staff in accordance with the specifications.
Plaster the surface of these compounds by conventional methods. Harden the solution should in a warm and dry environment.
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