Installation is a complex process of assembling buildings and structures from enlarged structures, parts and components of factory production. Installation is the leading technological process of construction production. This is facilitated by the presence of a developed industry for the production of prefabricated structures, diverse and effective means of mechanization, modern advances in technology and the organization of the construction industry, the ability to carry out installation by flow methods.
The manufacture and installation of structures are interconnected by the transportation of prefabricated elements from the places of manufacture to the place of their installation. The transfer of a significant part of construction processes to factory conditions makes it possible to simplify and improve working conditions, reduce costs, reduce production costs, and mechanize assembly processes at the construction site.
Installation of building structures is carried out not only during the construction of prefabricated, but also in other types of buildings. When building a building with brick walls, for example, they assemble prefabricated foundation blocks, frame elements (columns and crossbars), floor slabs and coverings, staircases and platforms, etc.
The proportion of installation work in construction is constantly increasing. On the one hand, there is a reduction in the mass of individual elements due to the use of higher grades of cement for their production and the use of high-quality large and small aggregates of concrete, on the other hand, the consolidation of prefabricated structures, bringing them to maximum plant and technological readiness. Methods of raising floors and floors, conveyor assembly and block assembly of coatings for industrial buildings, complete block assembly of enlarged structures, including technological equipment already installed in them, installation of fully assembled masts and towers, sliding of individual structures, entire buildings and structures are becoming common.
The first tower cranes had a lifting capacity of up to 3 tons, now mobile cranes for housing produce a lifting capacity of 8 ... 10 tons, the height of the buildings being erected is not limited, but in general usually does not exceed 40 floors. For industrial construction, cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 800 ... 1000 tons are produced. At the same time, craneless installation methods based on jacks and electromechanical lifts are used. Means of remote control of the installation process on the basis of tele- and radio communications are increasingly being used, the robotization of assembly operations is entering into industrial development.
At the beginning of the 90s, large-panel and large-block houses in Russia accounted for about 45% of the housing stock to be introduced, in some cities such buildings made up up to 90% of the total living space. In the future, as development and introduction of progressive technological and organizational factors of industrialization into the construction industry will increase the volume and role of the erection of building structures, ensuring a reduction in the cost and construction time of buildings and structures.
In the general structure of the use of concrete in Russia, precast concrete dominates and in the near future this situation will continue. The increasing use of precast concrete is found in European countries. There are many objective reasons for expanding the introduction of precast concrete. An important factor is the climatic conditions, the desire to move the process of manufacturing structures in enclosed spaces. In the conditions of stationary production it is much easier to ensure stable product quality through the organization of operational control. Modern polymeric materials used in the manufacture of formwork forms, can significantly diversify types of products and options for their architectural decoration. The use of chemical additives in the manufacture of precast concrete can reduce the duration or completely abandon such techniques as vibrating the concrete mix in order to compact it. The selection of concrete compositions and form design now allows to obtain high-precision products with tolerances in mm.
An important factor is currently the introduction of energy-saving technologies for the production of precast concrete, which is based on the use of a new generation of cements and chemicalization of concrete - an extension of the use of multifunctional additives.
One of the driving factors may be the high seismic resistance of reinforced concrete panel buildings. Now, when the seismic scale of a number of Russian regions is increased, the orientation towards the construction of panel buildings may become decisive
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