Basic information about the technology of building processes 3. Construction processes and works

Construction processes and work . The basis of construction technology is the construction (work) process. The essence of the process is action. The process is a set of actions. Action is inseparable from movement, which, in turn, is inextricably linked with time.

Each of the actions is aimed at processing the original objects of labor (materials, semi-finished products, products, etc.), changing their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The action is accomplished by the performer purposefully with the use of tools, devices, mechanisms, machines (hardware). It should be provided with relevant knowledge, skills, information.

One or several consecutive actions form an operation - a technologically indivisible element of the process. The result of the operation is a change in at least one of the properties or characteristics of the original object of labor or their relative position.

Several operations leading to the creation or formation of a structural element of the design structure of a building form a simple process (for example, working out the soil when setting up a pit). A simple process is performed by a specific set of working and technical means.

A set of simple processes, as a result of which a part of the project structure is created, will represent a complex technological process (for example, the construction of a pit with the implementation of the whole complex of works necessary for the subsequent construction of building foundations).

During the construction of the object, several complex processes can be carried out, which together form a complex process, the result of which is the construction of a building or structure.

The construction of a number of objects by the forces of a single construction organization requires the coordination and coordination of object systems. In this case, a construction flow is formed, which is based on a combination of several object flows that form an inter-object process.

Considered and formulated description of construction processes is their vertical structure and is presented in Table. 1.1.

Vertical dismemberment of the construction process

Table 1.1

In addition to the separation of construction processes according to the degree of complexity, they can also be grouped according to the following features;

according to the degree of mechanization:

· The mechanized process is carried out with the help of mechanisms (a fragment of a ditch by an excavator, installation of prefabricated structures by a crane);

· The manual process is carried out with the help of a mechanized tool (vibrator, spray gun) or non-mechanized (shovel, ax, saw);

· Semi-mechanized process is characterized by the fact that when it is performed, along with machines, manual labor is used;

by appointment:

· The main processes by which the elements and parts of buildings and structures are created. These processes ensure the production of construction products and consist in processing, changing the shape and imparting new qualities to the material elements of the building processes;

· Auxiliary processes (preparatory), necessary for the normal implementation of the main processes - installation of scaffolding for brickwork, fencing of trench walls, pre-assembly of structures before installation, arrangement of mounted structures with auxiliary attachments;

· Procurement processes include the extraction of sand, crushed stone, the preparation of mortar, concrete, manufacturing of formwork elements, reinforcement, etc. They provide the object under construction with semi-finished products, parts and products. These processes are usually carried out in quarries, in specialized enterprises: factories of ready-mixed concrete, reinforcing and woodworking workshops, etc .;

· Transport processes necessary for the delivery of the required material resources and goods to the construction site. Horizontal transport is divided into external (for the delivery of goods to the construction site) and internal (for the movement of goods within the site). Vertical transport provides the supply of materials and structures in the work area. Transport processes are usually accompanied by loading and unloading and warehousing processes. We can distinguish a subgroup on the movement of soil from and to the construction site (dump trucks, scrapers, bulldozers);

by the nature of the process:

· Continuous processes that allow you to immediately begin the implementation of subsequent - masonry, installation of individual structural elements;

· Discontinuous processes that require, prior to the implementation of subsequent processes, mandatory technological interruptions to withstand and set the strength of the concrete, drying the plaster;

by importance (by priority of implementation):

· Leading processes that determine the final terms for the construction of a building or structure;

· Combined processes performed only in parallel with the leading (installation and sealing of joints, masonry and plastering, general construction and special works). The combined processes should not be allowed to become leading, affecting the construction time. On the other hand, the combination of processes can significantly reduce the duration of construction. The composition of the processes performed is not something constant and can vary depending on the specific conditions - the availability of machinery and equipment, time of year, climatic and geological conditions.

During the construction of buildings and structures are carried out complexes of works that can be combined into three groups.

Civil works on the method of their implementation or used and processed materials are divided into excavation, pile, stone, installation, concrete, roofing, finishing, etc.

Special works include the installation of water supply, sewage, heating, ventilation, wiring, installation of process equipment, elevators, construction of tanks, industrial furnaces, etc. These works are specific, including for each construction object its own range of similar works, therefore, mainly special the work is performed by specialized organizations that will be subcontractors to the main construction contractor.

Auxiliary works are designed to provide construction materials, semi-finished products, parts and are divided into transport and loading and unloading.

Complexes of construction work can also be grouped by periods or cycles. During the preparatory period , general preparation is carried out at the construction site for work, including demolition of buildings, planning, construction of temporary roads, construction of utility rooms for builders, laying of temporary communications.

The structure of the construction of the underground part or the zero cycle includes: earthworks (extract of the pit, trenches for strip foundations and communications to the building from the main thoroughfares, backfilling of the sinuses), building of foundations, basement walls, internal partitions, columns, floors, concrete preparation etc. from prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete structures, waterproofing works (insulation of the floor and walls of the underground part), entering the necessary communications into the building (laying to the building in the trenches of communications pipelines with their wiring in the basement of the building).

At the second stage of construction (erection of the above-ground part of the building), it is usually done: installation of prefabricated or construction of monolithic building structures, panels of external and internal walls, installation of window and door blocks, roofing works, sanitary-technical works on the installation of ventilation systems and cold water, gas supply, installation of risers and electrical wiring, etc.

The third final stage is called the finishing cycle, during this period all finishing works are carried out: glazing completion, tiling and plastering works, finishing (painting and finishing walls, ceilings, joinery, pipelines), installation of all types of floors, installation of sanitary appliances and electrical accessories.