Profession and qualification of construction workers . A variety of construction processes require for their performance the involvement of workers of different professions with the necessary knowledge and practical experience.
The profession of workers is their constant activity, determined by the type and nature of the work they perform (installers, concrete workers, painters).
Specialty - a narrower specialization in this type of work (fitter-spiderman, fitter of reinforced concrete or metal structures). To perform a variety of construction works and processes need workers with different levels of training, i.e., different qualifications.
Qualification - the availability of knowledge and skills to perform work of a certain complexity. An indicator of qualification is the rank set in accordance with the qualification characteristics of each profession and category.
The uniform tariff-qualification reference book of ETKS works and professions in construction includes 179 professions, taking into account the 6-digit grid adopted in construction. The handbook describes the requirements for workers of different professions in terms of knowledge and ability to perform a particular job. In accordance with the complexity of the construction processes being carried out for workers in the main occupations, six qualification categories have been established:
1 category - it is enough to have labor skills and knowledge of labor protection rules;
2 category - some professional skills are needed;
3 category - a certain professional level of knowledge and skills is required;
4th grade - requires special and theoretical training and a large professional experience to perform the processes of medium complexity;
5 category - you need high qualifications and knowledge to perform complex processes, organizational skills to work as a link or brigadier;
6 category - especially complex processes.
The assignment of a new category is the result of a production test, drawn up by a protocol of the qualification commission (which is guided by the qualification requirements for the work performed), an order for a construction organization and the issuance of a new 
Appointments with employment records. In addition to the necessary knowledge in accordance with the assigned discharge, the worker must know the specifics of the process being performed, the technology of its production, labor protection rules, internal work regulations, and quality requirements for related construction specialties.
Cadres of construction workers are trained in vocational schools and colleges, as well as through training and advanced training at training centers and factories, at construction sites.
Technical and tariff rationing. An important indicator of the effectiveness of the work activity of a worker is labor productivity.
The labor productivity of construction workers is determined by the production and laboriousness of the work performed.
Production - the number of construction products produced per unit of time (per hour, shift, etc.); labor intensity - the cost of working time (man-hours, man-days, etc.) per unit of building products (m2 of plaster, m3 of brickwork, etc.).
The complexity is one of the main indicators for assessing productivity. The lower the labor costs per unit of production, the higher the labor productivity. The quantitative labor intensity of each construction process is regulated by technical regulation.
Technical rationing - the development of technically sound standards for the costs of working or machine time and the consumption of materials per unit of building products. Such standards are established by a detailed study of construction processes and are the basis for the remuneration of workers. According to these standards, uniform standards and rates for construction, installation, repair and construction work (ENiR) are compiled.
The output rate (Nvr.) - the number of benign products, which must produce a worker per unit of time in the proper organization of labor (pcs., M, t, m, m).
Norm of time (Nvr.) - the amount of working time, sufficient for the manufacture of a unit of benign products to workers of relevant profession and qualification in the conditions of proper organization of labor (man-hours, man-days). If the time standard is set on a link, then the actual work time is determined by dividing the time standard by the number of performers. When determining the norm of time, it is assumed that the workers of the relevant profession and qualification perform the standardized work using modern technology.
The norm of machine time is the amount of working time of the machine (machine-h and machine-cm), necessary for the production of a unit of good-quality machine products with rational organization of work, allowing maximum use of the operational performance of the machine.
Standards of time and standards of production are mutually connected, allow, if necessary, to determine the productivity of workers and the composition of the link.
Standards of time come in several types. The elementary rate establishes the rate of time for only one production operation, for example, for preparing the surface for tiling. The norm, which unites a number of operations that make up a single production process, is enlarged (paint m2 surface, including the preparation of the base, primer, grout, paint in several layers, etc.), and the time standard covering the complex of production processes (brickwork m3, including laying, laying lintels, rearranging scaffolding, supplying materials to the work area) - complex.
Technical standards are used in the development of documentation for the construction works and in assessing the effectiveness of technological decisions made.
Tariff rationing is a system for determining the amount of wages depending on the amount of labor spent in accordance with its quantity, quality, and taking into account the qualifications of the contractor. This creates a material interest for each worker and is an important incentive to increase labor productivity and, accordingly, the volume of products made, and also provides workers with advanced training, improvement and improvement of equipment and work technology.
The basis of the tariff rationing laid tariff scale , which sets the amount of salary depending on the level of the worker. Each category corresponds to a tariff coefficient showing the ratio of wages between categories.
Construction discharges and tariff coefficients are listed below.
Discharges | one | 2 | 3 | four | five | 6 |
Coefficients | one | 1.08 | 1.19 | 1.34 | 1.54 | 1.8 |
On the basis of the norms of time and tariff rates set rates for the remuneration of construction workers.
Under hazardous working conditions and in hard work, coefficients of working conditions are introduced, which are 1.12 ... 1.24. In winter, winter coefficients are used in the range of 1.1 ... 1.6, which are accepted depending on the temperature zone and the actual temperature of the production work.
In some cases, when it is difficult or impossible to calculate the possible salary of a worker, tariff rates are introduced , that is, the amount of daily or monthly wages in accordance with the worker’s qualifications and the grade assigned to him.
To determine the norms of time and normative labor costs, ENiPs, VNiPy and MNiPy are used.
ENiR - Uniform standards and rates - 65% of the norms, 86 collections;
VNiR - Departmental norms and rates - 25% of norms, 102 collections;
MNiR - Local norms and prices - 10% of all norms
Wage systems. In the construction used several wage systems.
Time wage is used when paying for the actual hours worked in accordance with the established rate or tariff coefficient. This form of payment is convenient for work that is not amenable to precise rationing or accounting (transport workers, caretakers, electricians on duty). It is possible to pay by time-bonus for workers employed on mechanisms (bulldozer) or servicing mechanisms (compressor).
Direct piece-rate payment provides for payment for the actual amount of work performed in accordance with the assigned grades and labor participation. This form of payment is more progressive, it contributes to increasing productivity and the desire of workers to acquire higher qualifications. The use of this system of remuneration requires a systematic account of the production of workers and design orders.
Work order is a production task for the performance of work, which must be issued to an individual worker, unit or team of workers prior to the commencement of work. Attire is the main document accounting of the volume of work performed and the calculation of the workers.
Lump sum payment (kind of piece-rate payment) is made on the basis of previously prepared estimates for a specific work package (apartment, floor, section) or per unit of work volume (m3 of masonry, m2 of plastered surface). With well-designed estimates, taking into account all the small and related processes and operations, well-defined volumes and deadlines for the specified construction and installation works, the use of one-off payment allows you to increase productivity and speed up the execution of works.
In civil engineering, the settlement with the integrated brigade for the object put into operation has been applied. A purchase order is prepared for the entire volume of construction and installation work, intermediate calculations - advances are issued monthly, based on the volume of work performed. During the final settlement, the following is additionally taken into account: the early commissioning of the facility; quality of work performed; bonuses for reducing the cost of work and savings in building materials.
No-pay system of payment - wages are charged to brigades and links from the cost of work performed.
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