In accordance with the linkage of construction processes or complexes of construction and installation works, construction can be carried out using one of three existing methods: sequential, parallel and continuous.
The sequential method involves the construction of each subsequent building after the end of the previous one. The total construction time is equal to the construction time of a single house multiplied by their number; a relatively small number of workers is required for the production of works.
The parallel method involves the simultaneous construction of all buildings. The total duration of construction of all buildings is equal to the duration of the construction of one building, but at the same time, in t times (t is the number of buildings under construction) the need for workers to work simultaneously increases.
The flow method combines the advantages of the above and eliminates the disadvantages. With the flow method, the construction time will be less than with the sequential one, but the intensity of resource consumption will be less than with the parallel method. The specificity of the method is that the construction of a building is divided into several component cycles having the same duration of work, which can be performed at different times on each building, which will allow consistently to carry out homogeneous processes and in parallel heterogeneous.
7. Regulatory and project documentation of construction
In practice, one has to deal with arbitrary interpretation of the concepts “regulatory documentation”, “organizational and technological documentation” , etc. At the same time, the legal responsibility (especially in case of accidents), the possibility of obtaining a license and the right to use a license depend on how fully and how the organization of production and executive documentation is properly managed.
SNiP 10-01-94 "The System of Regulatory Documents in Construction" subdivides the regulatory documents into federal, into documents of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and into production-industry documents of economic entities.
Federal regulatory documents include:
· Building codes and regulations of the Russian Federation - SNiP;
· State standards of the Russian Federation in the field of construction - GOST R;
· Interstate standards of the CIS countries - GOST
· Codes of rules for design and construction- SP;
· The governing documents of the system - RDS.
Regulatory documents of the subjects of the Russian Federation - territorial building codes (TSN).
Production and industry regulatory documents - standards of enterprises (associations) of the construction complex (TST) and standards of public associations (STO).
Manuals, instructions, instructions, etc. release the development of the requirements of regulatory documentation, and they are for reference only. They do not bear that completeness of legal responsibility, as normative documents.
Organizational and technological documentation includes (SNiP 3.01.01-85 *), construction organization projects (POS) and work execution projects (CPD).
Cards of operational control, technological regulations and other can be used as additional reference material.
Production documentation includes: a general work log, journals on certain types of work, a log of design supervision of design organizations, acts of examination of hidden works, acts of intermediate acceptance of critical structures, acts of testing and testing equipment, systems, networks and devices and other documents on certain types of work provided by the SNiP.
To the executive documentation include a set of working drawings with inscriptions on the conformity of the work performed in kind with these drawings or made to them in coordination with the project organization changes made by persons responsible for the construction and installation works.
It should be remembered that at the same time with the system of regulatory documents in the construction of a standardization system.
Regulatory documents in construction establish a set of norms, rules, regulations and requirements that are mandatory in the design, engineering surveys, new construction, as well as in the expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises and structures. They are also mandatory in the production of construction and installation works, in the production of building materials, products and structures.
The project of the organization of construction (POS) in the composition of the organizational and technological documentation is a mandatory document for the customer and contracting organizations. PIC should be developed by the general project organization.
The project of the production of works (PPR) is developed by the general contracting organization or subcontracting construction and installation organization at the expense of its overhead costs. If it is impossible to carry out this work on its own, the outage can be developed by the order of the project, design and engineering organization that has the appropriate license.
It is prohibited to carry out construction and assembly works without an approved project for organizing construction and a project for carrying out work. It is not allowed to deviate from the decisions of the projects of the organization of construction and the projects of the production of works without the consent of the organizations that developed and approved them.
Unfortunately, it is necessary to note that not all documents, in the stamp of which is written "PIC" or "PPR", are such. Most often, a simplified construction plan is issued for the PIC, which is used to collect signatures from the coordinating organizations, for the CAP, the crane binding scheme, without which the general contractor cannot start up the crane.
Meanwhile, the composition and content of the PIC and PPR are strictly regulated by SNiP 3.01.01-85 *.
The main by volume of the total volume of drawings of the documents in the composition of the outage are routing.
Routings are developed for construction processes, the result of which are complete structural elements, as well as parts of the structure. Organizational and technological solutions taken as the basis for the development of technological maps, are designed to ensure high quality, safety and trouble-free performance of work in accordance with the requirements of the current rules and regulations of the construction industry.
Routings should be developed in accordance with the requirements of the “Guidelines for the Development of Model Routings in Construction” or “Guidelines for the Development of Model Routings in Construction”.
The structure of the technological maps includes the following sections: scope, organizational and technological solutions (schemes of work, instructions for work, requirements for operational quality control, work schedule, engineering safety solutions), material and technical resources (the need for machines, machinery, tools, fixtures, inventory, materials, structures, semi-finished products and operating materials) and technical and economic indicators.
The map indicates the accepted methods of work, a breakdown of the seizure, the placement of mechanisms and ways of transport, the sequence and duration of processes, labor and material resources on the processes included in the map.
In the construction there are three types of technological maps:
· Typical, not tied to the object under construction and local construction conditions;
· Typical, tied to a building or structure being erected, but not tied to local conditions;
· Workers tied to the facility under construction and local construction conditions.
Routings are developed according to a single scheme, they should reflect the issues of technology and organization of the construction process, indicate the requirements for materials, semi-finished products, structures and tools, technological schemes, provide a calculation of labor costs, quality requirements, performance of operational quality control, technical economic indicators.
The composition of the flow chart:
■ scope - the conditions of the construction process (including climate); characteristics of structural elements, parts of buildings and structures; the composition of the construction process under consideration, the nomenclature of the necessary material elements;
■ material and technical resources - data on the need for materials, semi-finished products and structures for the planned scope of work, tools, inventory and fixtures;
■ calculation of labor costs - a list of operations and processes with indication of the amount of work; working and machine time rates and rates; standard labor costs of workers (man-hours), machine operation time (machine hours) and wages (rubles);
■ hourly or shift work schedule - a graphic expression of the sequence and duration of the operations and processes based on the labor costs and time of work of the machines defined in the calculation. When calculating the tabular part of the schedule, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of over-fulfillment of norms due to an increase in labor productivity;
■ technology and work organization - requirements for completeness of previous or preparatory processes; the composition of the machines, equipment and mechanisms used, with an indication of their technical characteristics, types, brands and quantities;
■ List and technological sequence of operations and simple processes; schemes for their implementation to obtain the final product;
■ the layout of mechanisms, machines and placement of devices; the composition of the units or teams of workers; storage schemes for materials and structures;
■ operational quality control of work - a list of operations or processes to be controlled; types and methods of control;
used instruments and equipment; guidelines for monitoring and assessing the quality of the processes performed;
■ labor protection - measures and rules for the safe execution of processes, including specific requirements for the object or type of work under consideration;
■ technical and economic indicators - labor costs of workers (man-hours); time spent working machines (machine-h); wages of workers (rub.); the duration of the process (shift) in accordance with the schedule of work; generation per worker per shift in natural meters; costs of mechanization, etc.
An important document representing graphically the organizational and technological structure of construction processes is the time schedule (for representing the interconnection in time of the totality of construction processes) or the time schedule (for representing the interconnection of large work complexes) at the facility.
The main time parameters of the construction process are the deadlines for the process, shift work, the duration of individual operations . The decisions made are drawn up in the form of a schedule of the process (work schedule). This schedule consists of two parts: calculated and graphical.
In the computational section, a description is given of the construction processes performed, the units of measurement and the volumes required for the execution of works, the labor costs of workers and machines calculated for these volumes, the accepted or calculated work shift, the composition of the link or team, the resulting work duration ( , days) for each process and in the aggregate for the entire scope of work.
In the graphic part in a linear form are taken decisions on the implementation of individual processes on a time scale, as well as interconnection and the combination of their implementation. The beginning and end of each process on the graph as a whole is the duration of the execution of this process. The time difference between the start of the first process (operation) and the end of the last process determines the total duration of the complex of construction processes included in the work schedule or deadlines for the work on this plot (hitch, section, floor, building).
Three types of such relationships can be distinguished:
■ two processes are uniquely interconnected and follow each other, forming a linear sequence ;
■ two processes have a common initiating event and a common ending, but in a given interval they are definitely not related to each other and are executed in parallel within the interval;
■ two processes have a common initiating event and a common ending, in a given interval are interconnected, coordinating each other, and form a synchronous parallel link.
At the heart of the modern concept of construction are the principles of the maximum possible combination of processes and work complexes. The execution of parallel processes is achieved due to their coordination. In this case, it is possible to combine a linear sequence of individual processes-fragments and parallel execution of private processes within the fragments, which most closely matches the organization of work in a real construction project.
General journal of works. The general work log as part of the production documentation must be executed in accordance with the requirements of Annex 1 of SNiP 3.01.01-85 *. Forms of special journals are given in the relevant SNiPs. For example, the form of the welding journal is given in SNiP 3.03.01-87. The form of the inspection certificate for the hidden works is given in Appendix 6 of SNiP 3.01.01-85 *. The list of special journals is established by the general contractor in agreement with the subcontractors and the customer.
As-built documentation should be retained in full. In addition to the working drawings, the executive documentation includes executive schemes of pile fields, installation horizons and others.
Organizational, technological, production and executive documentation represent the working commission (if necessary and the state commission) upon commissioning of the object.
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