Proper natural lighting should be organized in rooms with a permanent stay of people, including residential, public and industrial buildings. Natural lighting is side, top and combined. Lateral lighting is carried out through the light openings in the outer walls, the upper and combined - through lights, light openings in the construction of the coating, including glass roofs. Illumination of premises is regulated by norms, the violation of which can lead to overheating of premises in the summer period and their overcooling in the winter period, the lack of daily solar lighting - insolation.
Glass works, regardless of the time of year, are performed before the start of the internal finishing works. This is necessary to protect the premises from humidification with atmospheric precipitation and to create normal working conditions for the dressers.
Materials for glass works. . Glazing of light openings can be single, double and triple; it can be from window glass, double-glazed windows, glass blocks, etc. The dimensions of the openings and the number of glazing layers depend on the dimensions of the premises, the climatic conditions, the type and constructive solution of the wall enclosure. Errors in the design and production of works lead to freezing and rotting of wooden windows, freezing and corrosion of metal bindings.
Window blocks are made of wood, wood metal, plastic, metal, metal-plastic and combined. In modern buildings erected on an industrial basis, window openings are filled with double-glazed windows.
Glazing of window sashes, transoms, window vents of residential buildings is carried out with flat glass with a thickness of 2 ... 6 mm; transparent and patterned glass up to 7 mm thick is used for glazing doors. Showcases in public buildings, stained glass windows, translucent partitions are filled with special-made glass - large-sized polished or unpolished glass 6.5 ... 12 mm thick.
For glazing of lanterns and other similar structures, as well as in greenhouses and greenhouses that can withstand significant wind and snow loads, use sheet reinforced glass 5 ... 5.5 mm thick (Fig. 8.1) or a three-layer combination — two layers of glass and film of triplex between them.
Window glass is designed to fill the openings of buildings and structures for various purposes. The glass must be colorless or have a color that is defined by the architectural appearance of the building being erected, of uniform thickness, without bubbles, foreign inclusions, or waviness.
Showcase glass , polished and unpolished, is used for display windows in stores, stained glass windows and enclosing structures in exhibition halls, pavilions, cinemas, clubs, train stations, etc.
Patterned sheet glass is designed to fill light openings to reduce solar radiation, for decorative glazing of partitions and doors. Glass can be colorless and colored, have a relief pattern on one or both sides.
The reinforced sheet glass is produced colorless and color, the outer surface can be smooth or patterned. The glass is reinforced with welded wire mesh of steel wire with a protective aluminum coating with 12.5 and 25 mm cells; The grid should be located on the whole sheet of glass and not less than 1.5 mm from its surfaces. Glasses of this type are used for installation in lamps of industrial buildings and fences for elevators and balconies in residential and public buildings.
The reinforced sheet glass - the tempered glass for internal and exterior finish of walls and partitions. In the manufacture, flat sheets are coated on one side with enamel paint, during subsequent heat treatment the glass is strengthened, and the paint is diffused and fixed on its surface.
Heat-absorbing glass has been used for glazing refrigeration. Glass absorbs infrared radiation well, so it is widely used in rooms where low temperatures are caused by production technology.
Energy-saving glass with low thermal conductivity, used in residential and office buildings.
Glass blocks are a hermetic product, obtained as a result of welding of two semi-block boxes. Glass blocks - self-supporting hollow elements connected on a solution can be used for vertical light apertures, sound and heat insulation, external and internal light-transmitting fences. Fences made of glass blocks are used when constructing light openings in external walls, on stairwells, in bathrooms, in gyms, pools, etc. Blocks are colored and unpainted, the latter may have a bluish, yellowish or greenish tint.
Double-glazed windows have found widespread in recent years. These are two or three glasses interconnected in a rigid and closed structure, between them a closed chamber with a layer of dry air or inert gas is formed. Depending on the design, glass units are divided into single and double compartments. Outer glass can have several additional functions, so it can be polished, matte, reinforced, etc. In single-chamber double-glazed windows the distance between the panes is 6 ... 16 mm, in two-chamber glass - 6 ... 12 mm. Frames for double-glazed windows are made of hard wood, plastic, aluminum, or a combination of these materials. This type of glazing is used; mainly for filling window openings of civil buildings. Double-glazed windows can be designed for glazing of balcony doors, windows, rooflights of various purpose buildings. The use of glass allows you to significantly reduce heat loss and sound conductivity; fogging of glasses is excluded.
The profile glass , called “glass profile”, is made of an open and closed profile and is used for the device of transparent fences without covers. This type of glass is translucent and creates diffused soft lighting in the room. In the cross section of the glass can be in the form of a channel, ribbed and box-shaped. Stekloprofilit produce colorless and color, reinforced and unreinforced, with a smooth, grooved and patterned surface. Glass must be annealed.
Glass at construction sites should be stored indoors or under cover in wooden containers.
All window units come to the construction site glazed at woodworking plants. This allows you to reduce the amount of work at the construction site to a minimum, reduce labor intensity and improve the quality of the glazing. For glass works performed at the construction site, glass is delivered in containers centrally cut to the size of glazed openings. Glass preparation and preparation of putties and other fillers and components should be done in workshops, glass should be supplied to the object with complete sealing, sealants, as well as installation and fastening materials.
Window glass is usually used in residential construction, other types of glass are used in public, administrative and industrial buildings.
The main processes for glazing.
Glass cutting . If necessary, cut glass with glass cuttings made of diamond or carbide metal; for exact cutting and cutting use templates and special rulers. In the workshops, cutting is carried out with the help of electrofigurs, in which an electric current heats the thin nichrome wire and from one-sided heating the glass breaks along a flat, marked line. The marking and cutting of glass is carried out on the cutting cards, providing the least amount of waste.
Cutting and cutting of glass is carried out on specially equipped tables, it should be borne in mind that the size of the glass should be 4 ... 6 mm less than the distance between the folds, approximately 2 ... 3 mm on each side. This is required in order for the glass to be easily inserted into the window cover, moreover, when the wood of the binding is swelling, the glass was not crimped and burst.
Fastening glass in bindings . In window covers fasten glass with various putties, rubber gaskets, wooden and metal beadings, pins, springs and pins.
Glazier works are performed using portable tables, scaffolding tables, stepladders. To facilitate the tilting, carrying and installation in the frame of the glass used one-, two - and three-vacuum suction cups. One- and two-tray vacuum suckers are designed to extract flat glass from the container, lay it on the cutting table, and also carry it to the installation site. Three-disc suction cups allow you to capture, lift, move and install large-sized glass and glass structures when glazing windows and stained glass.
Glazing lanterns and bindings of industrial buildings are performed from suspended scaffolding or self-propelled self-lifting scaffolding. Display glass is installed using blocks, winches, and truck cranes, and telescopic towers are used for glazing multi-storey buildings. For lifting glasses use lifts and traverses with pneumatic suction cups.
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