The next large group - typesetting or piece roofing materials. The most famous and one of the most ancient, except, of course, straw, shingles and shingles, the representative of this group is ceramic tile.
Tile roofs do for a very long time, they are extremely widespread in Europe and Asia. The usual ceramic tile is durable, its service life is more than 100 years, it is ecologically clean, and the roofs themselves are very beautiful. But, making a tiled roof , we must not forget that the weight of 1 m2 of coverage is 40-70kg.
Tiles - flat or figured tiles of baked clay. They are laid by hand on a frequent and powerful crates. Recommended roof slopes 18-60 ° (in the attic to 76 °). There are several main types of tile: flat tape and stamped, Dutch, Tatar, etc. The natural color of tiles - from terracotta to sand-yellow. It can be covered with colored glaze.
The decorativeness and durability of the shingles created for her a certain aura of aristocracy: they say that “the tile is aging with dignity, like good wine”. In Russia, and then in Russia, ceramic tile was not very popular. One of the reasons was noted in V. Dahl’s dictionary: “With its frost it tears (shingles)”. Today, shingles are still one of the most prestigious materials. This circumstance has brought to life numerous materials that imitate shingles: cement-sand tiles, metal, “soft”.
4.1 Soft tiles
Recently, on the roofs of country houses you can see the coating of multi-colored thin tiles of rectangular or hexagonal shape - this is the so-called soft tiles . It has a fiberglass base with bitumen deposited on it, and on top of it mineral powder, i.e. it is similar in structure to modern roll roofing materials. The size of such tiles is approximately 1 m at 300-350 mm with a thickness of 3-4 mm. It fits overlapped on a continuous crate. The fastening of such material is carried out with nails and due to the self-adhesive layer of tile, which is 50-60% of the total area. It is better to use rectangular tiles in this, since they have a more self-adhesive surface. It should be noted that for similar materials, for at least two reasons, elasticity is not needed to the same extent as roll materials. First, such materials are delivered and stacked on the roof in the form of flat sheets of small size (no need to unwind the roll); and, secondly, during the deformations of the material during its service on the roof, in freely fixed tiles there are no such stresses as in the huge panels of the roofing carpet made of roll materials, leading to ruptures and deformations of the carpet.
Soft piece materials are not new: as early as the beginning of the 20th century, we used tiles made of “ruberoid breakdown”, and in the USA - tiles “Shingles” (from the English word Shingle - flat roofing tiles, shingles) - were sheets of cellulose or asbestos cardboard impregnated with natural ("Trinidate") bitumen and coated on the front side with armoring dressing from slate fines.
Shingles (KATEPAL).
The size of the tiles is 90x41 (31) cm. The bottom edge of the tiles is shaped, creating the impression of a scaly coating after installation. Now similar tiles of improved quality are produced by various companies under various names, in which not only the word “tile” can be found, but also “shingle” or “shingles”. As a rule, these are sheets of size (90-100) x (35-40) cm, imitating 3-4 pieces of tiles (shingle) of various shapes. Sheets are fastened to the crate with nails, and their connection to each other is provided by self-adhesive areas on their lower surface. Do not forget that according to the standards of installation of roofs from bitumen-polymer tiles, you need a lower waterproofing layer, which must be made of roll roofing material .
The color and rough texture of the front surface is achieved by mineral sprinkling. Firms produce tiles of almost any color: single-color or imitating the "bulk" of the material. There is a variant of tiles with a front surface of metal (copper or aluminum) foil. Roofs of such materials are amazingly decorative. Soft tile is more durable than similar rolled materials due to the fact that it does not form a continuous coating, and the deformation of the material during aging is localized in each tile separately, which eliminates the violation of the coating from internal stresses. In soft tile, the durability of the roof is likely to be determined by a decrease in the decorative effect due to the loss of colored sprinkling of the tiles. The base for soft tile is a solid (usually plank) crate. The minimum angle of inclination of the roof is 10-12 °, the maximum is not specified, because even wall sections adjacent to roofs can be covered with this material. At small angles of inclination (up to 18 °), one layer of roll material should be laid under soft tile. The complexity of the roofing device is small (weight of 1 m2 of the coating is only 8-12 kg).
The leading foreign manufacturers of soft tile are the companies Katepal and Ikopal (Finland), Tegola (Italy), Ondulin (France). In Russia, the production of soft tiles started by the company "TehnoNIKOL" and Ryazan CRH. But for now Finland remains the main supplier of soft tile, selling up to 2 million m2 of soft tile to Russia per year.
When constructing a roof of soft tiles, the base should be fixed, durable, smooth, dry and always ventilated. The moisture content of its material according to the technology can not exceed 20% of the dry weight. Boards, plywood, etc. can be used as the base. During renovation, old coatings (from bitumen materials, metal sheets, etc.) must be properly prepared, which is extremely important to ensure reliable operation of the future soft tile roof.
The way the tiles are installed is influenced by their structure, the slope of the roof, and the material of the base.
The most easily fit tile with a self-adhesive layer and a protective film. In this case: the film is removed before installation, and each tile is attached to the base with or without nails (for some types of tiles). After that, under the influence of solar heat, the lower surface of the tile adheres to the base and to the adjacent tiles. As a result, an airtight roof covering is formed.
Features of the installation technology depend on the outdoor temperature at which the work is performed. The best temperature for installation is about +6 ° C. If it is lower, then the adhesiveness of the roofing tiles is ensured by heating the adhesive surfaces with hot air from a special device (Fig. 3.54) .. In hot weather, the tiles must be kept in the shade to ensure ease of installation and to easily remove plastic wrap.
4.2 Cement-sand tile
Cement-sand tiles produced by many manufacturers. But when choosing a material, it should be remembered that the quality of cement-sand tiles to a large extent depends on the production technology, and its longevity can be guaranteed only using high-quality raw materials and carefully maintaining production process regulations. An example of high-quality cement-sand tiles is the products of the company “BRAAS-DSK-1”.
Stamped Frankfurt tile is made of cement-sand mixture with the addition of mineral pigments. The color of the tile is classic red, “gray stone”, etc. Dimensions 330x420 mm; the shape is similar to the Dutch ceramic tile. Consumption per 1 m2 - about 10 pieces; weight 1 pc - 4.5 kg. The tile differs in high physicomechanical indicators and frost resistance comparable to a ceramic tile. The firm gives a 30-year guarantee for a tiled roof in our climate; the projected durability of such a roof is 50 years.
4.3 Metal tile melkoshtuchnaya
The manufacture of tiles in the form of individual tiles of metal sheets (for example, galvanized steel) has been practiced for a long time. Now the term “metal tile” means large-sized steel sheets stamped in the form of a tiled roof. However, a number of companies produce small-sized metal roofing of various colors. In recent years, metal tiles of Finnish, Swedish, German, and English production have appeared and became widespread on the Russian market. These are sheets made of galvanized steel or aluminum, stamped in the form of a tiled roof . The size of the sheets depends on the manufacturer, for example, the metal metal tile of the company Rannila (Finland) has dimensions of approximately 7x1 m.
4.4 Ceramic tiles of the second generation
Novelty in our market of roofing materials - ceramic tiles Ardogres, obtained by the technology of ceramic granite. Such material is very durable and beautiful.
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