Production of basic construction processes. 1. Production of earthworks

The construction and installation works, and, first of all, the construction of the underground part of buildings and structures, is associated with the implementation of significant volumes of earthworks. Earthworks are among the most difficult and labor-intensive types of construction work performed in difficult conditions and largely dependent on natural and climatic factors. Therefore, one of the challenges facing designers, technologists, builders is the development and implementation of methods and technologies that reduce the amount of earthworks at the construction site.

These include: improving the design of earthworks, using pile foundations, rational use of the terrain, setting up trenches and trenches with vertical walls, minimizing the volume of transshipments and overloading of the soil, trenchless laying of communications, improving the construction properties of the soil (fixing, reinforcing, using geosynthetic materials, etc.). These goals are also served by the improvement of earthwork mechanization, the use of machines and interchangeable working equipment, which allow the design geometry of the earthworks to be provided.

All of these factors correspond to the implementation of one of the principles of modern construction - flexibility, when each of the applied technologies is adapted to the specific conditions of the construction site.

Excavation work relates to the zero-cycle work package, which includes: extracts of pits and trenches, drainage, strengthening and preparation of foundations for the building, construction of foundations and walls, floors, tunnels, backfilling of the soil in the sinuses between the foundations and slopes of the pits and Others. The zero cycle works are considered completed after the device.

underground part of the building with all communications and elements of underground structures.

Earthworks are classified as the most difficult and labor-intensive types of construction work. They are carried out by various methods, which are divided into four groups: mechanical, hydraulic, explosive and manual. In addition, in some cases, to increase the bearing capacity of the soil, it is rammed out, developed by the drilling method.