Excavation work at the facility is associated with the processing of soil, which is fully or partially developed, moved, stacked, planned, compacted, subjected to other types of impacts, including explosion, erosion by water, tamping, drilling, heat treatment, etc.
The processes carried out during the processing of the soil can be divided into three groups: basic, preparatory and auxiliary.
The main processes of soil processing, which resulted in
earthworks are created given parameters are:
· Excavation in excavations, laying in the embankment, loading and moving it within the construction site,
· Transportation of soil beyond its limits,
· Layer-by-level leveling and soil compaction,
· Loosening of frozen and hard-to-develop soils,
· Backfilling of the sinuses of the earthen structure.
These basic processes are accompanied by preparatory and auxiliary processes, while the preparatory processes are carried out before the start of excavation, and auxiliary processes - before or during the construction of earthworks. These include, respectively, lowering of the groundwater level, installation of anti-filtration curtains and screens, strengthening of the ground, breakdown of earthworks on the ground, temporary fixing of the walls of trenches and trenches, cutting off the groundwater deficiencies, laying and maintenance of access roads, laying geotextile materials, monitoring quality of work, etc.
To perform a significant amount of excavation work using a variety of construction equipment - excavators, bulldozers, scrapers, hydromechanization tools, explosive equipment. The excavation mechanics reached 98%, in some cases, without using mechanisms, it is necessary to sweep the bottom of pits, slopes, a fragment of individual pits, trenches, etc. The productivity of manual labor even with the assistance of a specialized tool and means of small mechanization is lower than mechanized at 20 ... 30 times.
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