The magnificent bloom of Russian regular park construction of the eighteenth century. it was preceded by the gardens of pre-Peter the Great (XVI – XVII centuries).
The center for the development of Russian gardening was Moscow, with its boyar estates and palace villages, such as Kolomenskoye, Krasnoe, Aleksandrov settlement, Borisov town, and others, where as early as the 16th century. there were gardens.
Until the middle of the seventeenth century. country estates and their gardens were utilitarian in nature and were not considered as ceremonial residences. Kremlin and partly monastic ensembles had such purposefulness, combining, besides economic ones, also ceremonial, defensive and social functions. The gardens at the monasteries contained medicinal and ornamental plants, areas of fruit crops, groves. The latter often went beyond the walls of the monastery. Known, for example, cedar grove Tolgskogo monastery, the late planting which survived to this day. Of the Kremlin gardens of Moscow, the most famous are “hanging” or “red” or upland gardens. They were arranged on the arches of outbuildings (at the level of the second floor of the living premises to which they adjoined). The waterproofing layer in these gardens consisted of lead sheets or a logging caulked scaffold with a weir, the plank or bark was laid on top, and then a layer of vegetable earth was poured. In the gardens, arranged beds, sheathed with boards, where they planted flowers and vegetables.
There were several such gardens in the Kremlin. The Upper and Lower (1681) “red” embankments gardens are especially known. The upper “red” embankment garden was located on the arches of the palace building, facing the Moscow River. Its width is 9, the length on the front side is 40, and on the facade of the palace - 26 fathoms. In the garden was arranged pond size 4 × 5 fathoms. The garden was surrounded by a stone wall with windows. From the windows, collected by bars, a view of the Zamoskvorechye. In the corners of the garden closer to the Moskva River there were two gazebos ("attics"), brightly painted and decorated with carvings. The lower “red” waterfront garden (24 × 14 fathoms) also had a pond, and the surrounding walls were decorated with paintings (“prospective letter”).
In the process of development in the manor gardens more and more decorative functions. So, along with fruit, garden and agricultural crops, ornamental and fragrant plants such as lilies, irises, carnations, mint, tansy, violets, peonies, etc. are increasingly being introduced. Tulips and terry roses are imported from Europe (“velvety scarlet”). Artificially created groves of cedar, birch, oak, pine were almost an obligatory accessory of the garden.
Regular elements in the form of flower beds, fruit and garden plots were successfully combined with free contours of groves, meadows, ponds, the location of which was dictated by the nature of the terrain. At the same time, the beauty of fruit and other economic plants was valued as highly as decorative ones. The aesthetic importance of the gardens was not opposed to their economic value, the idea of the beauty of the garden was indissolubly associated with its usefulness.
In the gardens there were fun buildings: pavilions ("attics"), chambers, tents, gully galleries, benches ("nurses"), chairs ("thrones"), richly decorated and decorated with carvings. Gardens were surrounded by high walls, painted or painted with “fraudulent perspectives” (deceptions).
In the history of garden art of this period, the most important place is occupied by the gardens of Izmailov, the patrimony of the Romanovs, located 8-10 km from the Kremlin. Here was the country residence of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with a well-organized exemplary economy - the whole system of manufactories and agricultural complexes (including grain, forestry, fisheries, orchards, etc.). On an island formed by a dam
R. Serebryanki, a palace complex was created, surrounded by gardens - Vinogradny (0.16 hectares), Krugly (about 6 hectares), Prosyansky (about 7 hectares), Malinov and a number of others, organically incorporated into the natural landscape of forests and groves. Gardens of regular planning in the form of concentric circles (with a radial-circular grid of roads) or squares were planted in a certain order with fruit (pear, apple, cherry, currant, barberry, etc.) and agricultural crops (flax, millet, oats, buckwheat, etc. .) as well as flowers. The gardens were fenced, various entertainment facilities were built in them. For example, in the center of the Prosyan garden a gazebo was arranged, surrounded by squares of the stalls. Poultry houses were also arranged. Of great interest is also the garden at the Poteshny Chambers (Appendix, fig. A 15), depicted on the drawing of the XVII century. It is divided into a series of modular squares, where fruit trees were planted in large ones, and flowers were planted in smaller ones and tracks of a complex and varied pattern were arranged. The central square is the maze Babylon. "Currants and all sorts of cherries" grew along its tracks, and in the middle - "the key, from which water runs." "Placing the labyrinth in the center of the garden is an interesting interpretation of this reception in Russian gardens." In the decision of the amusing garden, the influence of Italian baroque is traced. The layout of the garden is simple and balanced, its composition is an example of a holistic solution of space.
Thus, for the gardens of the seventeenth century. The following features are characteristic:
- a combination of utilitarian and aesthetic functions;
- the presence of regular elements and their free placement in terms of the estate;
- free location of all planning parts of the estate, taking into account the natural conditions of the territory;
- lack of ensemble unity and axial solutions in the layout;
- widespread groves of artificially planted trees of the same species;
- the device of riding gardens in the Kremlin and monastic complexes. These features of Russian gardens can be traced in the park construction of the 18th century.
Что бы оставить комментарий войдите
Комментарии (0)