A peculiar Russian type of ornamental regular park, the formation of which began in Moscow at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, was fully formed by the middle of the 18th century. His best examples were the gardens and parks of St. Petersburg and Moscow, of which the most interesting are Kuskovo and Arkhangelsk.
Kuskovo
The family estate of the graphs Sheremetyevy - Kuskovo (Appendix, fig. A 22) was located approximately 10 km from the center of Moscow (at present, its ensemble is included in the modern borders of the city). In 1743 the construction of the ensemble began here, which lasted almost 30 years. By the 60s, it included a palace, a regular park (within the bypass channel), a labyrinth and a regular garden with a radial system of alleys, a large pond with a channel and a menagerie created on the basis of the natural forest. Subsequently, the ensemble expands and enriches with new park areas (of which the landscape garden Guy, created in 1778, is most interesting), is saturated with all sorts of structures. At the same time, the center of the palace remains the regular regular park, which now exists and covers an area of 31 hectares.
Construction and design of garden structures was carried out by serf masters F. Argunov and A. Mironov, D. Ukhtomsky, S. Chevakinsky, Y. Kologrivov participated in the design of the palace.
The shape of the park is close to the square, its space has a three-segmentation. The central part is an open space of orchestra with a width of 50 m, the strip of which is closed by the building of the Great Stone Greenhouse (1761–1762). The other two parts are represented by arrays of bosquets framing the orchestra. On the sides of the palace were created miniature, but Compositionally complete ensembles with interesting architectural structures, ponds, sculpture, flower beds and other garden devices. These are the Dutch house (1749), the Italian house (1754), the Grotto (1765), Menageria. Inside the bosketov there were various buildings - the elegant Hermitage Pavilion (1765), the Air Theater, gazebos, sculptures, fountains. Various game structures were installed along the eastern avenue. The design of bosquets and ensembles, the pattern of the orchestra changed, but the principle of layout remained.
Adjacent to the palace are the office premises and the church (1737–1739), which form the picturesque ensemble of the coastal part of the park.
The canal (a tribute to the palace parks of St. Petersburg), which goes deeper into the garden, goes from the pond along the axis of the “Big House” to the south. Its beginning is decorated in two columns. From the house along the axis of the channel overlooking the church of the village of Veshnyaki.
Water devices Kuskovo - canals and ponds - not only decorated the park, but were also necessary for draining the territory. At present, the restoration works have been completed in the park, the author of the project is L. Dmitriev (Appendix, fig. B 8).
Arkhangelsk
The manor got its name in connection with that erected here in the 60s of the 17th century. stone temple dedicated to Michael the Archangel (Appendix, Fig. A 23). The first park devices reflect the influence of Petersburg gardens - the Summer Garden and Peterhof. The construction of a new park ensemble unfolded under N. Golitsyn in the 80–90s of the 18th century, in the heyday of classicism in architecture and the corresponding landscape style direction in the landscape art. However, if in Arkhangelsk all architectural structures belong to Russian classicism, the park has a regular layout. It is impossible to call this ensemble, surprising in its artistic expressiveness, transitional, like Oranienbaum, in which the park, architecture, and natural landscape harmoniously merged.
The combination of a classical palace and a regular park is characteristic of the Kuskovo ensemble, however, there the palace building was built after the park was already formed, therefore the stylistic differences are palpable here. In Arkhangelsk, the same house and park were built at the same time as a complete ensemble.
In Arkhangelsk, as well as in Kuskovo, there is a three-part division, with open space in the center and bosquets on the sides. But the inclusion in the spatial structure of the architecturally processed relief, the solution of open spaces and their connection with the surrounding landscape give the park its individual character. By the end of the eighteenth century. The ensemble of the Archangel was fully formed. Its area is 14 hectares.
The park is located on the high bank of the Moscow River (now its old bed). From the Moscow road to it, in accordance with the traditions of the manor, leads a long access road (1 km long). Due to the inconspicuous fracture of the relief, the palace (architect de Gern) gradually grows in front of the spectator as it approaches. The alley leads to the front yard, which has the shape of a square formed by the northern facade of the palace, its side colonnades and two outbuildings. From the southern facade of the palace the park descends by three terraces to the precipice of the Moskva River. The terraces are richly decorated with retaining walls, stairs, balustrade, sculpture, vases (by architect D. Trombaro). On the upper terrace, the lawn is framed in rows of European larch, as if continuing the palace colonnade of the main courtyard. In the center is a narrow path. It ends with a staircase leading to the second terrace. On both sides of the site, decorated with marble benches and a fountain, marble figures of Apollo and Artemis are installed on the lawn. Thanks to the free-growing trees approaching the terraces, lawns are perceived as green lawns, which gives this part of the park a more intimate character. From the edge of the second terrace, from the balustrade of the retaining wall, a view opens onto the green carpet of the central orchestra (located on the lower level), framed by walls of lime tapestries. The vast space (70 × 210 m) is not only not cut by roads, but they are not included in the survey at all: diverging from the stairs of the retaining wall, they are hidden behind the walls of the trellis. The lawn is decorated with vases and sculpture, rhythmically arranged along the wall of trimmed limes. In the alignment of this species ray, distant panoramas of the opposite bank of the Moscow River are revealed. The garden faces south and is especially spectacular when it is sunny. On the edge of the cliff, on both sides of the carpet, behind the curtains of bosquets, two greenhouses were located. The greenhouses were also located along the steep bank. Between the upper greenhouses there was another specific platform, from which a wide panorama of the river bank gave and an understanding of the Moscow River.
Drawing attention to the contrast of the central regular composition of the park and the meadows of the floodplain of the river, so different, but related in nature, T. Dubyago writes: “This beautiful natural landscape was turned into a rectangular green parterre in accordance with the requirements of the regular garden-park style, but despite its geometric contours, it gives the impression of breadth and spaciousness characteristic of the landscape of central Russia. ”
The library and Caprice pavilions were erected in the park bosquets.
In 1810, the estate was acquired by M. B. Yusupov. In 1812, the manor was destroyed, architects O. Bove, E. Tyurin, S. Melnikov, V. Dregalov took part in its restructuring. About 100 sculptures were installed, a temple dedicated to Catherine (E. Tyurin, 1819), columns (1816 and 1826), gazebos, aviary, Tea House (rebuilt Library building) were erected, terraces were renovated. Around the regular part of the park, plots with landscape planning were created - Goryatinskaya and Apollon groves, etc. In 1937–1938. on the site of the greenhouses the sanatorium buildings were built and the outbuildings of the front yard were built on. Currently, the park is ending restoration work (authors of the project V. Agaltsov and L. Dmitriev) (Appendix, fig. B 9).
Arkhangelskoe completes the stage of development of Russian regular park construction already in the heyday of landscape parks.
Its most characteristic features are:
- development of an ensemble composition with a pronounced longitudinal axis, the dominance of the main building, the subordination of other structures to it;
- the presence of independently solved, often closed compositional nodes subordinated to the general planning of the park and connected with the palace;
- the development of parterres as open spaces, emphasizing the architecture of buildings;
- accounting and brilliant use of the landscape - relief, water, vegetation, visual connection with the natural environment;
- prevalence in the range of local species;
- widespread open (as they were called "air", or
"Green") theaters;
- in the design of roads, the use of aleynyh landings, trellis, Berceau;
- completion of the park's prospects with buildings, fountains, sculpture with the inclusion of external views in the park ensemble;
- the use and development of traditional Russian receptions - “hanging” gardens, poultry houses (in the form of menageries and enclosures), menageries, the inclusion of fruit in boskets, the use of groves, but in the form of boskets [10].
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