1.5. Regular gardens of Russia Oranienbaum

The palace and park ensemble of Oranienbaum (Appendix, Fig. A 21) is located in

Lomonosov town, 41 km from Leningrad. The total area of ​​the parks is about 170 hectares. The locality was granted by Peter I to his closest associate, A. D. Menshikov. In 1710–1727 a palace was built on the upper terrace (architect N. Fontana, and from 1713 - A. Schlüter and G. Schedel), an access channel and 10 reservoirs were dug.

On the terrace in front of the palace, the Lower Garden was laid out (the earliest of the entire complex), occupying an area of ​​4.8 hectares. One of its creators was the Swedish garden master H. Harz, who worked in Oranienbaum from 1709 to 1728. His planning was determined by the complex configuration of the palace plan and the position put forward far ahead by the Orange Greenhouse and the Picture House. Along the axis of the palace there is an orchestra in the frame of 6 bosquets. In the garden there were 3 fountains, 39 wooden and 4 gilded-lead sculptures. Maples, lindens, firs, apples, cherries, oaks and birches grew in bosquets. On the terraces and the stalls of the greenhouses carried laurel and pomerantsevye trees in tubs. The palace is connected to the sea by a direct canal, which at the entrance to the garden ended with a harbor of figure skull. The garden was fenced with green trees, trellis trellis, on which stood wooden, painted with white paint "turning pieces." The gate in front of the channel also had sections in the form of a trellis trellis.

In the 1940s, V. Rastrelli supervised construction work, and from 1756, A. Rinaldi became the chief architect of the grand-prince's court. By the beginning of the 60s, the Lower Garden was put in order, its partners received a more complex baroque pattern, instead of wooden sculpture marble was installed, the wooden fence was replaced with stone, and the general panorama was decorated with a brilliant composition of terraces and stairs of the northern facade of the palace. The lower garden maintained a regular character until the 20s of the nineteenth century.

Architect A. Rinaldi worked in Oranienbaum for more than 20 years (mainly in Upper Park) and created ensembles characteristic of the transitional stage in architecture and landscape art. According to D. A. Kyuchareants, “Rinaldi is not just a representative of early classicism, it’s a master who created the only Rococo-style monuments in Russia that transition from baroque to early classicism. This Petershtadt and Own Dacha. These ensembles are included in the scenic area of ​​the park with its hilly terrain, an artificial system of ponds, canals and cascades. The Karost river divides the park into Peterstadt and Own summer cottage areas. Peterstadt is created in 1756–1762. south of the Grand Palace, beyond the Karpin Pond.

Here, by all the rules of fortification, a small fortress is erected with a complex of necessary facilities. At its western wall on the bank. Karst organizes a regular park (15 hectares) with a small palace, a cascade, stairs, park facilities - Menagerei, the Hermitage, the Chinese house, etc. The influence of the emerging landscape direction is interesting to see in this park. The alleys and bosquets, though framed by their sheared walls, have smooth outlines, repaired lines of the river bank, which they no longer began to straighten. The emergence of structures "in the Chinese spirit," such as the Chinese house, is also a characteristic reception for early landscape parks. Peterstadt as a regular park lasted until 1792, then was transformed into a landscape park. Of all the buildings, only the palace and the Honorary Gate have been preserved.

Ensemble Own cottage is created from 1762 to 1774 on an area of ​​150 hectares. It occupies the territory of a plateau stretching to the south and west from the Grand Palace, and has in its plan the shape of an elongated rectangle. The park is based on a combination of regular and landscape receptions and is a complex of architectural structures, including the ensembles of the Chinese Palace, the Rolling Hill and the previously created ensemble of the Stone Hall. It was built in 1739–1751. on the projects of M. Zemtsov and V. Rastrelli, and included the Palace of Stone Hall, located on the edge of the sea terrace, the stalls with a small regular garden and the U-shaped channel.

From the Stone Hall along its axis to the south is directed the widest 15-meter triple linden avenue in the park, going deeper than 500 meters.

At the end of the alley, but away from its axis is the ensemble of the Chinese Palace. It is solved as a closed regular composition. Around the geometric-shaped pond there is a palace, a coffee house and a fraylin house, a colonnade decorated with parterres and a sculpture.

The Ensemble of the Katal'naya Gorka (1762–1768) includes a pavilion with a height of 33 m, ramps and colonnades. The pavilion, standing on the edge of the sea terrace, occupies a dominant position in the park (in contrast to the Chinese Palace, treated as an intimate house). Its balconies offer picturesque views of the park and the Gulf of Finland. From the upper balcony of the pavilion, wooden ramps began, along which they slid down in special wheelchairs. On both sides, on the site of parallel park roads, before there were open galleries-colonnades. In the middle of the nineteenth century. the slopes and galleries were dismantled, in their place a green carpet was arranged, on which sides fir trees were planted. The green carpet (length 532 m) conditionally divides the park into two parts - the eastern one, the earlier one (the so-called “park at the palace”), and the western one. In the eastern part, the network of mutually perpendicular alleys forms rectangular bosquets. Inside bosketov roads were laid complex geometric pattern with dead-end sites, cavalier houses, Chinese cabinets. In the western part there is a desire to move away from regular planning. It includes an intricate system of narrow paths and a water labyrinth with islets, bridges, and gazebos "in the Chinese spirit" (according to T. Dubyago), converted from the water labyrinth of A. Menshikov.

The ground planning, the sophistication of the compositions, the combination of regular and landscape bosquets, the lack of a compositional relationship between the nodal ensembles of the park indicate that the regular stylistic direction has already exhausted its possibilities, and the landscape has not yet been formed. “Rinaldi tried to reconcile both styles, without giving preference to either of them.”

A. Raskin notes that “the artistic appearance of Own Cottage reflected the transition period in Russian architecture, when, replacing the powerful decorative and festive baroque style and sophisticated virtuoso rococo, the harmoniously balanced and clear style of classicism was established, and the rational planning structure of regular gardens gave way to romantic landscape parks.

At the end of the eighteenth century. the trees in the park stopped cutting, dilapidated buildings dismantled. Regular areas of the park merged with the landscape and made a whole with the new landscape area, which was created between Peterstadt and Own summer cottage in the first half of the nineteenth century. garden master J. Bush.

In the middle of the nineteenth century. The ensemble of the Chinese Palace was reconstructed. Instead of the Freilinsky house, Chinese cuisine was built (1853, architect L. Bonstedt), the pond configuration was changed, the pergola was built, the English road was laid, which rounded the Own summer cottage and connected the palace and the Katal'nyy hill.

The Oranienbaum Ensemble is the only one of all the historical suburbs of Leningrad that has not experienced occupation during the Great Patriotic War. The facilities and the park were badly hit by bombing and shelling. Currently under restoration. In the 70s of the XX century, the Lower Garden was restored by the project of P. Kovalevsky.