Together with the quantitative growth of furniture production in our country, its qualitative improvement is underway. The range of furniture is being expanded and updated, new models are being introduced. Industry is translated into the primary release of furniture in sets.
A progressive trend in furniture manufacturing technology is the subject specialization, orienting enterprises to the production of technologically homogeneous products, and technological specialization, which consists in dividing the production process into several stages. Base enterprises are created that produce finished unified units and parts, and finishing and assembly enterprises that form finished products from them. Highly specialized finishing assemblies and base enterprises attached to them make it possible not only to increase the production and production of a wide range of furniture sets, but also to ensure a high level and stability of product quality.
In the manufacture of cabinet furniture as the main structural element "will be used chipboard with its gradual replacement of semi-solid fiberboard. As facing materials, the use of synthetic films based on special papers ^ (synthetic veneer, laminate, edge plastic, etc.) is expected to be increasing on an ever-increasing scale. including those with finally refined surfaces, as well as polyvinyl chloride, monolithic-porous films, etc.
To replace the modern production technology of boxes, poluyashchiki, technology is being introduced based on new materials - plastics, processed by extrusion into molded elements, thin-walled plates with surfaces covered with films, etc. It is planned to gradually replace the existing finishing technology with a qualitatively new one, first of all - wide application matte open-porous finishes based on polyester, polyurethane and wet-alkyd varnishes, as well as the introduction of ultra-fast methods of drying with infrared and pulsed beams. In the production of upholstered furniture, the following structural elements will be taken as the main ones: spring blocks, elastic polyurethane foam of cold molding, latex - for soft elements; polystyrene foam, rigid cold-formed polyurethane foam, ABS, chipboard ternary copolymer, and massive wood (on a limited scale) for base carcasses.
A promising technology in the future provides for preferential release of furniture with soft double-sided elements of pillow type. In addition to fabrics based on chemical fibers, wide use of artificial leather with decorative stitching or buttons is planned as facing materials, which makes it possible to realize any solution of furniture, including complex volumetric shapes.
In the production of chairs, it is expected in addition to the traditional wide influx of new materials - plastics (ternary copolymer of ABS, polystyrene, etc.) and metal. Accordingly, a system of machines has been developed for the production of the following types of chairs: carpentry, bent-glued, plastic and metal. Chairs made of wood are supposed to be finished using high-performance materials and technological processes: in an electrostatic field to obtain a glossy or matte finish without refining, and subsequently using the method of pulsed irradiation.
A necessary condition for the organization of furniture production with a high degree of mechanization and automation of production processes is the typification of furniture: the unification of its elements, the normalization of components and parts. Furniture typification includes not only developments that ensure an adequate amount and economic efficiency of furniture production, but also the required quality level of products.
Typification of modern household and special furniture is based on scientifically developed functional dimensions of furniture products, depending on the size of the human body and stored items.
The most successful in functional, technical and economic terms are the method of design and production of furniture, called UEM (unified elements of furniture). The cost of production of any items is less, the greater the number of these items made. The UEM method allows a limited number of standard sizes of unified elements, which can be manufactured in large quantities, to organize the production of various types of furniture for various purposes. Therefore, the degree of effectiveness of this method consists in the multiple use of unified elements. The UEM method is based on standardization, normalization and unification, causing large-scale and mass production of furniture. The development of normalization and unification is a prerequisite for the specialization of enterprises for the production of normalized components and parts with their subsequent assembly.
Automation of furniture production, which is increasingly developing, requires the interchangeability of the component elements of products, allowing to improve the quality of products and reduce their cost.
A new method of organizing production corresponds to new furniture design principles, which are made particularly significant with a modular coordination system for a large number of elements and products. In domestic practice, V. I. Delle, Yu. V. Sluchevsky (in the field of household furniture), B. V. Neshumov, K. D. Orlov, and T. I. Nalivina made a great contribution to the development of modular systems for designing modern furniture. (in the field of furniture of public buildings).
The sectoral system of unification of panel furniture of cabinet furniture (OSU) developed by Yu. V. Sluchevsky is being introduced into the domestic design practice and industry. Prior to its creation, the issues of unification of furniture shield elements were solved, as a rule, within the framework of single products or sets of furniture produced by individual enterprises. OSU establishes the dimensions of panel elements in cabinet furniture products for the dwelling, including general living rooms, bedrooms, classrooms, children's rooms, front rooms and kitchens. Unified panel elements can be used in the design and manufacture of built-in, cabinet furniture and partition cabinets in residential buildings. OSU establishes the design dimensions: the length, width and thickness of the rectangular shield elements with lined sheets and edges (one, two, three and four). The unification system is based on the following principles:
1. The use of a number of constant calculated values for those furniture parameters that directly affect the dimensions of unified elements: the thickness of the cladding layer of panel elements; the estimated position of the overhead doors (front walls of the drawers); the gap between the edges of two adjacent doors (front walls of the drawers); the calculated gap between the edges of the enclosing doors (front walls of the drawers); conjugation of passage walls with impassable ones.
2. The use of modular coordination of the dimensions of products and their elements with the main module LA = 100 mm and the derivative (fractional) t = 25 mm.
3. The use of patterns of tectonic construction of the form of planar elements of a certain thickness.
4. The use of a limited to the optimal limits of the total number of sizes of shield elements.
5. Ensuring the design of various types and types of cabinet furniture (sectional, universal-team, shelving, single-body, etc.) using the most expressive and technologically justified compositional schemes for building products used as well as theoretically possible.
6. Ensuring the formation of products with all types of conjugation of vertical and horizontal walls.
7. Ensuring the formation of products or sections with any layout door.
8. Consideration of the laws of the compositional construction of the form, based on the design of products of various compositional schemes: with compartments of one, two or more depths in one product; with closed volumes and open niches; the division of the facade of the product horizontally when using up to five doors in symmetrical and asymmetrical solutions; single-row and multi-row division of the facade of the product vertically.
9. Application in products of modern designs of the most advanced types of fastener hardware.
The introduction of OSU frees the designer from solving technical issues of unification and makes the artistic image of products the focus of his attention. The design of individual products and sets is replaced by the design of a series of products and sets.
Activities related to the introduction of OSU, contribute to a significant expansion of the range of furniture products. The author of this system rightly believes that “modern furniture, like all consumer goods, is subject to a strong influence of fashion. Industry must quickly and flexibly respond to changes in demand, change the shape of products, decoration or the nature of the decor. The requirements of fashion in relation to modern cabinet furniture are most concerned with the decorative design of the facade of products. To satisfy this demand in conditions of mass production is impossible, relying only on traditional methods of decoration associated with the use of manual labor, inevitable due to the dimensionality of furniture products.
The unification, based on modular coordination of the sizes of products and their elements, allows a completely different approach to the production of furniture with the extensive use of decorative tools made industrially, with the active use of color and various textures of new materials. Traditional methods of decoration (carving, painting, invoice profiled metal) can be widely used. ”
The listed main trends in the mass production of furniture and the development of the base of constructive and finishing materials for the furniture industry largely determine the direction of the artistic solution of modern furniture.
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