Artistic expressiveness of modern furniture, as mentioned above, depends on a number of means. One of them is the choice of color solution, due to the ergonomic and technological requirements of applying color for this group of furniture products, as well as the interior features of the room. Numerous studies of domestic and foreign scientists have established that the use of optimal colors, which have the most stimulating effect on the human visual organs, contributes to labor productivity and health.
Color - one of the most important elements in the formation of the appearance of the interior, in the completion of its figurative characteristics. The right choice of color solution is based on the knowledge of the color properties and the laws of its perception. All colors observed in nature are divided into achromatic and chromatic. The first group includes white, black and all shades of gray (up to about 400). Achromatic colors differ in reflectance, or transmittance of radiant energy, i.e., in lightness. Chromatic colors have from 13 to 1000 shades.
Hue and color purity (saturation) are called chromaticity, which is a quality characteristic and does not determine the quantitative aspect. Color brightness (lightness) is its quantitative characteristic. Colors with the same color may have different brightness.
It is known that different colors change shades when approaching. There are light and chromatic contrasts. With a bright contrast on a light background, any darker color appears darker, on a dark background lighter - lighter. The phenomenon of chromatic contrast is its change in the direction of color, additional to the background color. Colors that are diametrically opposed to each other, for example, purple and green, blue and orange, etc., are called complementary colors. Additional colors placed side by side reinforce each other and gain saturation.
Analysis of modern domestic and foreign experience allows us to identify certain areas of the use of color in the design of the main groups of household and public furniture.
As already mentioned, in addition to ergonomic requirements, including psychological ones, when choosing a color solution of a particular group of furniture products, consideration of the characteristics of the interior of the room is most important. Therefore, the most complex and diverse is the color decision of household furniture, associated with the interior of a modern apartment, which is caused not only by the variety of functional uses, but also by the variety of individual tastes of the living.
The nature of the interior of the apartment depends on the choice and combination of colors of walls, furniture, fabrics. Color can improve the illumination of the room, make it more spacious visually. With all the variety of techniques, the general principles of the color solution of a modern apartment can be identified. Often with neutral light colors on walls, residential premises, which increase their illumination, the front or corridor is painted in an intense color. In smaller apartments, all the rooms are painted with the same color or are covered with wallpaper of the same pattern and color, which helps to unite the rooms and create an impression of freedom. The reception in which the rooms in the apartment are trimmed with wallpaper of the same pattern, but of different colors, has great decorative capabilities. With this technique, the wallpaper is chosen with a neutral pattern of light colors. For example, in a three-room apartment the common room may have walls of light green color, the bedroom - pink, and the nursery - light yellow. The examples cited follow one goal - to create a visual unity of space in an apartment.
The choice of color of each room in an apartment is determined by a number of conditions depending on the purpose and lighting of this room, the general artistic idea of the apartment interior and a number of other factors.
The common living room is usually the largest and differs significantly from other rooms of the apartment by its location in the plan, area, decoration, and furniture. In the common room they have lunch, rest, receive guests, work. The furniture in this room (wardrobes, racks, tables, chairs, chairs, etc.) along with decorative fabrics and furniture creates the basic color scheme of the room. Since the common room is the largest room in the apartment, its decoration can include several colors. For example, in the interior of a common room, where the wood texture is preserved when finishing furniture, its warm pinkish tone can contrast with the bright blue upholstery of the armchairs and the sofa and the cold shine of their metal supports.
One of the leading furniture groups in the common room - cabinets or soft - is given a more active role. More often it is a recreation area, where sometimes a sharply contrasting color combination of wooden elements and upholstery is used. The interior solution can be built on the color contrast of the white color of the cabinets, the bright green color of the carpet and the walls, the brown color of the upholstered furniture.
With a variety of color solutions of the common room, it is possible to reveal the most rational methods of color finishing of the main furniture groups for its equipment. For cabinet furniture, single-color light and medium tones of various colors are preferred, which corresponds to the neutral role of these products in the interior of the room. For a variety of assortment of cabinet furniture, dictated by demand, allow the use of dark trim, as well as several colors, preferably nuanced combinations. For upholstered furniture, especially its upholstery, you can recommend all the colors, including those rich in tone.
In the color scheme of the bedroom usually primarily take into account the hygienic requirements. The furniture is made light and blends well with the bright, joyful colors of window curtains and bedspreads. The leading role in the interior of the bedroom can belong to the intense color of bedspreads, curtains, front surfaces of cabinets and bedside tables. Then the light, almost white color of the walls, carpet and furniture will be in harmony with the leading color in the interior.
An example of furniture, in the decoration of which a color covering is provided, can be a set of furniture for the bedroom BN-172 (author of the project V.N. Mironov, VKPTIM). The decorative color solution of the set is built on the harmonic combination of tones of enamel coatings and upholstery fabric ornament. The monochrome coating of the planes with light enamels clearly reveals the graphics of the vertical and horizontal divisions of the facades, and the handles on the doors and drawers, made in the form of square overlays, create a kind of rhythmic and plastic design.
For modern furniture, muffled warm and pure white tones are very characteristic, m-. e. a combination of natural wood color and white enamel coatings. Among others, a set of furniture for the BN-185 bedroom (the author of the project, A. S. Gurevich, VKPTIM) can be given as an example. Such a color solution of the furniture helps to create an impression of more free space in the room, allows the use of various options for upholstery and decorative fabrics. Thus, in the example, the decorative fabric with an ornamental pattern of muted green color, used for bedspreads, upholstered headboard and upholstery of the wall at its head, visually enriches the interior of the bedroom, giving it, together with decorativeness, softness and comfort.
In modern practice, a contrasting combination of dark saturated colors of natural wood and white enamel coatings is also widely used. In the set of furniture for the BN-165 student's room (the author of the project is V.E. Zakharov, VKPTIM), where the color solution is built on tonal contrast, white lines of vertical articulations, like white niches in the middle part and white front slats of bases, giving the composition a certain rhythmic pattern, visually facilitate and enrich it.
Enamel decoration in bright saturated colors is most common in children's furniture. As an example, a set of furniture for a children's room BN-174 (the author of the project V.N. Mironov, VKPTIM) can be given. The bright, joyful coloring of the furniture corresponds to the psychological mood of the child, serves as a good background for numerous and diverse objects of children's use: toys, books, sports equipment.
An example of another approach to solving a child’s furniture (older) is a set of furniture for a BN-186 student’s room (project author A. S. Gurevich, VKPTIM) - a combination of tinted mahogany (synthetic veneer, textured paper) and white enamel (laminated plates) not only visually enlivens the interior, but also has a beneficial pedagogical effect on the adolescent, demanding a careful and careful attitude to the surrounding objects.
For the children's room, they usually choose clean, bright colors in combination with a neutral background. Since the children's room is usually arranged in the room with the most sunlight, the walls and the floor in it are painted in a cold color (blue, light green, gray, etc.). If they want to make the room more sunny, use a yellow gamut of a cold shade, i.e., lemon yellow or a color close to it. The walls in the nursery can be ivory, various shades of gray, pink, etc. In this case, the main should be a light light color that will be a calm neutral background for bright, clean color spots (furniture, toys, curtains).
As in the rest of the apartment, the color scheme in the children's room can be solved by two basic techniques. The first technique is the combination of similar in color dim colors. The main surfaces in the room (walls, ceilings, floor) are solved in the most light tone, lighter than the furniture. The discreet nature of the overall color scheme with this solution does not preclude a bright spot in the interior, which can be a curtain on the window, upholstered furniture, etc. The second technique is based on a harmonious combination of contrasting colors, such as lemon yellow with blue, pink with blue and etc. This technique is more difficult, but it helps to create a memorable interior.
When choosing a color scheme of a child's room, the psychological influence of color on the child’s body is taken into account. Negative effects on the psyche of children have large surfaces painted with white paint, which gives shine, and black paint, which absorbs a lot of light. Violet color with prolonged exposure may cause fatigue in a child. At the same time, various shades of green, yellow, pearl-gray color have a positive effect on children and can be recommended for large surfaces.
Previously it was believed that the kitchen should be entirely subordinated to its purpose, and considered the kitchen only as a working room for cooking, as a kind of home laboratory in which the decoration of the room and equipment must strictly meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. At present, such an interior of the kitchen prevails, which, while maintaining the functional character of the room, with the help of various techniques, diversifies and enriches the room. One of the most powerful means of artistic expression in the kitchen is the use of color.
In the case of kitchen furniture with a simple form and a monochromatic light or white color, a more active role is given to other elements of the interior. Often these elements in the kitchen are the walls, the floor or the brightly colored pieces of equipment. The combination of large geometric shapes and contrasting colors in the ornamental flooring creates a colorful stain in the interior of the room and is in harmony with the monotonous decoration of kitchen furniture. When the equipment and furniture are calmly painted, the walls are often given an ornamental finish or painted in the color of a rich tone. Quiet in one key, the floor and walls of the kitchen allow you to paint kitchen furniture and equipment in bright, contrasting colors. An interesting architectural and artistic solution is painting walls and furniture in one color. This design is particularly useful for small kitchens, as it visually enlarges the room.
Nowadays, in the kitchen, furniture is more and more often used, the decoration of the front surfaces of which imitates the texture of natural wood, which gives it the character of a dwelling. Means of decoration try to soften its functional character. In the interior of the kitchen introduce decorative coloring of the equipment. With this architectural and artistic decision, decorative elements play a significant role: ceramics, porcelain, greenery, etc.
Great opportunities for a diverse decoration of the kitchen are presented with its direct connection with the living room. Often it is precisely the color that emphasizes the functional difference between the kitchen and the living quarters or their unity. Thus, the opposite sides of the cupboard partition, installed between the kitchen and the living room, can have different finishes: the color of natural wood and the color of any color corresponding to the finish of the kitchen. Artistic means, combining the kitchen with a living room, is a single color scheme of both rooms, the same finishing materials, the general character of furniture and other furnishings.
The generalization of modern practice allows us to conclude that the color design of kitchen furniture, with all its diversity, obeys three directions: monochromatic light-colored furniture; coloring in intense colors; finishing with special materials that mimic the texture of wood.
As already noted, the front is often a color accent in relation to other rooms in the apartment. Therefore, quite often its furniture and equipment have an intense color.
Noting the variety and richness of the color of the materials from which furniture and furniture products are made, we can give some general recommendations for choosing the color solution for the main groups of household furniture. These recommendations are determined by the nature of the functional-technological process occurring in a given room, the main directions of interior solutions, the practice of designing modern furniture, the psychophysiological effects of color and literary sources.
The color scheme of furniture in public buildings has a number of specific features.
For example, in recent years the role of color in trade has been seriously studied. Researches, population polls help to find out: what colors women like, which men like; in the packaging of what color a particular product is most in demand; what color advertising signs make the most impression. Experience shows that, it is advisable to use color in retail premises, you can create favorable conditions for trade and consumption. With the help of color, you can direct the flow of customers, improve the volumetric proportions of retail space. Properly selected colors help create a favorable shopping environment, highlight the goods.
The color of the sales area should emphasize the color of the goods sold. The color of the room should cause the customers and staff a sense of satisfaction, peace. In the room intended for the sale of goods, the surrounding colors should not dominate and drown out the color of the goods. Goods of warm color and porous structure (bakery products) are well combined with the environment of cold and smooth structure, the product of cold color and solid structure (jewelry and decorative ornaments) - with the environment of warm color and soft structure.
To combine the colors of the sales area, the environment should be solved achromatically: by combining low-saturated green, green-blue, yellow-green and other colors of the mid-wave part of the spectrum of pastel tones that will create the best background for colorful goods. The role of color accents should be performed by the product itself, and other color areas should have a subordinate meaning. The interior color of the sales area, especially the large one, should be generally neutral and calm.
However, monotony should be avoided in the interior of the sales area. The eye that perceives the same color gets used to it. That is why it is necessary to change the color and combination of different colors.
Analysis of the functional and technological features of the interiors of commercial premises and commercial furniture makes it possible to note that the most favorable results are given by calm, neutral gray, beige, light yellow, etc. colors of light tones.
For the modern interior catering is characterized by the wide use of light achromatic tones, which are easily combined with chromatic.
In the dining rooms are usually used bright surfaces of walls and ceilings and bright colors of the floor. At the same time take into account the relationship of the floor and furniture. The overall color of the floor usually serves as the basis and combines the interiors that go into one another. Пол объединяет также цветовые и декоративные поверхности стен. В небольших помещениях активный цвет пола часто создает основу колористического решения интерьера. В больших сложных интерьерах предпочитают нейтральный цвет пола, создающий выгодный фон: различные оттенки светлосерого или бежевых тонов.
Для оформления ресторанов и кафе распространена гамма теплых зеленоватых тонов, ахроматические сочетания белых и серых тонов, при одном-двух ведущих цветах, В панорамных кафе, максимально раскрывающихся в природу, колористическая гамма пола, потолка, мебели решается в приглушенных темных тонах (обычно теплого зеленовато-серого оттенка).
Окружающая среда, в том числе цвет, играет большую роль в возбуждении аппетита. Поэтому столовая, правильно оформленная, более благоприятствует аппетиту, чем столовая, просто декоративно раскрашенная. Ниже приведен пример того, как не должна быть окрашена столовая. «Деревянная панель или панель, окрашенная под цвет дерева, и такого же цвета стулья; стены известково-белые; потолок тоже белый; освещается помещение лампой дневного света — такое помещение кажется пустым и безвкусным. Пиво и кофе из-за лампы дневного света принимает зеленоватый оттенок. Печенье, булочки кажутся грязноватыми, серо-желтоватыми. Белый цвет отбивает аппетит».
Окраска стен, пола и потолка должна создавать впечатление теплоты. Рекомендуют окрашивать стены не в холодный синий цвет, а напротив, в желтоватый, красноватый, оранжевый, абрикосовый. Все эти цвета создают радостное настроение, с которым человек аппетитно ест. Потолок окрашивают в сочный терракотовый цвет и кораллово-красный.
Цветовое оформление кафе может быть очень разнообразным. Стены можно окрасить в цвет красного вина или в фиолетово-серый, что хорошо дополнить окраской потолка в светлые тона. При оформлении помещения кафе иногда применяются цветовое выделение дорожек на полу, мест, где расположены столы, разная окраска входных дверей и т. д.
Ресторанная мебель часто тоже делается весьма разнообразной по цветовому решению, что обусловливается общим решением интерьера. Так, в интерьере обеденного зала, решенном в зеленых тонах, может быть применена деревянная мебель яркого красного цвета. Цвет бара может служить контрастом ярко-красному покрытию пола и черным креслам. Обычно наиболее интенсивно по цвету в предприятиях общественного питания решаются барные стойки, которые в большинстве случаев являются смысловым центром композиции всего помещения.
В помещениях, предназначенных для работы, например в административных и конторских зданиях, где цвет подчинен требованию создания оптимальных условий для труда, мебель делают светлых, спокойных тонов. В коммуникационных помещениях, помещениях для отдыха и т. д. во избежание монотонности мебель должна быть более интенсивных, радостных расцветок.
Особенно большое значение выбор цвета имеет в помещениях для детей, в том числе школах. Оптимальными для классов являются цвета средневолнового участка спектра: зеленый, желтый, а также белый. Считают, что быстрее всего и с наименьшим утомлением зрительная работа осуществляется при предварительной адаптации к желтому, зеленому, белому. Считают также, что цвета большой насыщенности раздражают и быстро утомляют зрение, поэтому окраска класса должна быть выдержана в теплых, холодных желтоватых или зеленоватых тонах слабой насыщенности или светло-серых. При выборе цветовой гаммы для применения в школах рекомендуют учитывать возраст школьников, так как отношение человека к цвету меняется с возрастом. Младшие школьники предпочитают теплые тона, школьники средних классов—более холодные, старшие снова отдают предпочтение теплым. Младшие любят контрастные цветовые сочетания и цвета значительной насыщенности, старшие школьники — сочетания сближенных и более сложных цветов. Исходя из приведенных соображений, рекомендуют школьную мебель для классов делать разнообразных теплых и холодных желтоватых и зеленоватых тонов слабой насыщенности или светло-серой. Однако излишняя монотонность также может вызвать утомление и надоесть. Поэтому для внеклассных помещений (рекреаций, вестибюлей и т. д.) рекомендуют оборудование и мебель более насыщенного цвета. При выборе цветового решения школы специалисты предлагают также учитывать время пребывания учащегося в том или ином помещении.
Художественное качество мебели зависит также от решения деталей, в том числе лицевой фурнитуры. Большое значение для художественного уровня мебельных изделий имеет также введение таких элементов, как стекло, зеркала и т. д. в корпусной мебели, обивочные ткани в мягкой мебели.
Детали в мебельном изделии можно подразделить на две основные группы: конструктивные и декоративные. Наблюдая современную практику, можно отметить следующие направления решения деталей. Первое направление заключается в предельно лаконичном решении, даже зрительном отсутствии деталей— спрятанные петли, отсутствие лицевой фурнитуры (открывание производится ключом при помощи скрытых выемок и т. д.). Вторым направлением является подчеркивание и определенная образная трактовка деталей, , необходимых в функциональном и конструктивном отношении. Это направление особенно многочисленно представлено в практике последних лет. Наиболее часто лицевой фурнитуре или части ее придается концентрированное художественное выражение. Так, крупные черные окружности лицевой фурнитуры нижнего яруса шкафа могут подчеркнуть его близкие к квадрату пропорции, а изящные латунные ручки выдвижных белых ящиков шкафной стенки выявляют ее горизонтальное членение и помогают зрительному включению размещенного в ней телевизора в общую композицию изделия.
Fig.1. Front fittings: a - modern form; 6 - traditional form
The treatment of face fittings can often completely change the nature of the furniture and the whole set. In fig. Figure 1 shows how two completely different knobs are used for the same kitchen set — a modern push-button and made from stamped metal of traditional craft form.
The third direction is the decorative solution of the detail, not caused by functional and structural considerations. To this group of receptions can be attributed to the diverse design of panels in modern furniture. These are smooth and embossed frames, vertical and horizontal slats, fancy inserts and surfaces.
The most important condition for the decision of a group of upholstered furniture at a high artistic level is the design of its soft elements and the use of upholstery fabrics. In modern practice, a wide range of upholstery materials is used: special upholstery fabrics of various colors and textures, natural and artificial leather, corduroy, plush. In fig. 86 shows examples of the solution of upholstered furniture and the finishing of its soft elements when the coiled design is applied. Soft elements are made either as removable down pillows, or as more rigorous geometric structures. The use of belts in elbows, as well as embossed edges, is quite common in modern furniture.
Increasingly applied relief, emphasizing the shape of the product, as well as ornamental upholstery. Often combine the laconic form of the sofa and pouf with a bright color and a free-form upholstery fabric. The modern motif also introduces a graphic motif. As an example, a set of cabinet furniture can be used (Fig. 2). On the central hinged door of the bar there is a stylized ornament of enlarged floral corollas using the silk-graphic print method in two colors. The set used a variety of colors: from soft, muted tones to rich, bright.
Fig. 2. The inclusion of an ornamental motive in the solution of modern cabinet furniture (the author of the project is T. E. Tikhomirova, VKPTIM)
For decoration of the dinner table cover often use floral ornament.
One of the main conditions for creating highly artistic modern furniture is the use of such means of expression as an artistic theme. It reflects the most essential, the main thing in the content of the object, it is a criterion for the logical selection of elements and clarification of their qualitative characteristics, the basis for identifying the main, leading elements linking not only thematically but also artistically a wide variety of incommensurable and incomparable qualities into a single whole and forming them into an artistic image.
The choice of the theme of a furniture product is primarily due to its purpose. However, it is possible to solve the same problem in different ways, depending on the use of certain techniques and artistic means.
It is the choice of artistic themes that is the basis for solving the elements of a furniture product or a set of products. The subject subjugates all the most important components: from compositional reception, dimension, color to detail. It is necessary that the quality of each of the listed components be high, without which the products remain only a sketch, sometimes a dummy. A prerequisite is always the hierarchy and expressiveness of all elements, especially colors, details, ornaments, which mainly provide a high artistic level of the product and its good quality.
Fig. 1. Examples of the decision of upholstered furniture: a - identification of the natural texture of upholstery material (leather); b - decorative line
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