Technology of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete. 1. General provisions of technology of monolithic concrete

To date, the most promising of existing technologies for the construction of buildings and structures is monolithic construction. This is the erection of structural elements of the concrete mixture using special forms (formwork) directly on the construction site.

It creates an absolutely rigid frame with various types of enclosing structures. In our country for many years preference was given to prefabricated construction. Although it can be noted that in the 30s - the time of the development of constructivism - there was an experience of monolithic construction. Then there was the time of “brick”, panel housing construction was actively promoted, and only for the last 10 years it can be said that monolithic construction has taken its rightful place. The technology of monolithic construction came to us from the West, where the economic feasibility of a project is calculated; it is not the cost of materials that is taken into account, but the cost of work and the costs associated with it. Speaking specifically about housing construction, prefabricated structures are expensive here, so Western construction firms rarely use them, preferring to erect monolith buildings. With this technology, labor becomes cheaper, labor costs are carried out once.

In this regard, it is worth highlighting separately the advantages of monolithic construction over other technologies: The pitch of structures for monolithic construction does not matter. In the prefab - all designs are multiples of a certain module; the technology of designs carried out at the factory does not allow quickly changing the shape of the tooling. Therefore, architects and designers were tied to specific frame sizes and, as a result, they were restricted in making design decisions.

Monolithic buildings are lighter than brick by 15-20%. Significantly decreases the thickness of the walls and floors. By reducing the weight of the structures, the consumption of materials for the foundations is reduced, and the foundations are reduced in price accordingly.

The production cycle is transferred to the construction site. In case of prefabricated house-building, products are manufactured at the factory, brought to the site, mounted. In the manufacture of prefabricated structures are laid tolerances at all technological stages, which lead to additional labor costs during the finishing of the joints. If the monolithic construction is carried out according to a well-defined scheme, the construction of buildings is carried out in a shorter time. In addition, high-quality work eliminates the need for wet processes. Walls and ceilings are almost ready to finish.

Monolithic construction provides almost "seamless" design. Due to this, heat and soundproofing indicators increase. At the same time, the designs are more durable.

It is true that everything new is well forgotten old. Monolithic houses, which have begun to appear in the major cities of Russia in recent years, are perceived by many experts as the last word of construction technology. But in fact, the usual for us panel structures appeared much later. The first concrete buildings were monolithic, they simply couldn’t do anything else before. The epoch of industrial housing came later - with the advent of the first block and panel five-story building.

So what is it - a monolithic house? Why is there so much talk around buildings built with this technology? What are their advantages, and what are the prospects for monolithic housing construction?

For a long time, monolithic housing construction in our country almost did not develop. Building on the technologies that our builders possessed was much slower, more expensive and more laborious than assembling houses from panels. In addition, for a long time the task was simple: to build as quickly as possible and as much as possible. In addition, it was believed that climatic conditions were not suitable for monolithic construction: the concrete should harden at a certain temperature, and in our country most of the year is winter.

But over time, when the priorities in construction changed, it became clear that even modern prefab houses have many unsolvable problems: these are some flaws in architecture, a limited set of apartments, the need to have a construction site of considerable size, etc. It was then that they remembered the monolithic houses for which these problems simply do not exist.

While in the USSR and then in Russia monolithic buildings were a wonder, in almost all European countries, construction was carried out for a long time mainly on this technology. Our builder adopted a lot of experience in cooperation with foreign companies that built military camps for units withdrawn from Germany. Several of these towns were built in the Moscow region - in Kubinka and Nakhabino. Everything that foreigners built was monolithic, despite the climate, traditions and other inconveniences.

Panel houses are not mobile. DSC and Efficiency produce strictly defined panels and block sections, and in order to change the assortment, it is necessary to retool the entire plant. It is difficult and expensive. Monolithic houses allow to provide what the customer wants - any length of the building, any number of floors, any facade, any layout of apartments. Thus, the hands of the architect are untied, which means that the buildings can be outwardly diverse and interesting.

The process of monolithic construction consists of several stages: the preparation and delivery of concrete (grades 200-400), the preparation of formwork and the concrete itself. This process is especially simplified if it is possible to create your own concrete node directly on the construction site.