Industrial buildings and structures transfer the load from their mass, including the payload, through the foundations to the soil foundation. Based on the bearing capacity of the base and the load acting on it, the constructive solution of the foundations may be different.
For most low-rise civil and industrial buildings, strip foundations are suitable. Strip foundations refer to shallow foundations that transfer the load to the base soils, mainly through the sole. Such foundations are erected in open pits. Under the terms of production, they are divided into monolithic ones, built directly in the pit, and prefabricated, assembled from factory-made elements.
Strip foundations are used to transfer the load to the base from the walls of buildings or a number of columns. In plan, they can consist of single and cross tapes; the former are usually arranged under the walls, and the cross - under the grid of columns. For single-storey buildings, including industrial ones, columnar ones are often used instead of solid foundations, which, through columns (pillars), take up the load from the building frame and through rand beams (binding beams) - loads from wall fencing.
The significant deepening of the strip foundations, the close relative position of the supporting walls force us to develop pits under the whole area of the building. Usually, the developed soil should be taken away from the site to the dump and to bring soil for back filling of the sinuses.
In soils with a weak bearing capacity, the depth of foundation of the foundations is significantly increased, and this forces us to arrange strip foundations with a developed supporting part, which leads to a sharp increase in the consumption of concrete.
The transition to the construction of multi-storey buildings led to an increase in loads on the foundations, which required finding a new constructive solution to foundations capable of perceiving increased loads or using pile foundations. Piles are used to build foundations for various buildings and structures, to increase the bearing capacity of weak soils, sheet piles - to strengthen the walls of pits from collapse.
The use of pile foundations instead of precast strip foundations can dramatically reduce the amount of earthworks, reduce the volume of monolithic or precast concrete on the foundation and walls of the basement, reduce the time of work and the cost of foundation construction. Pile foundations, in contrast to the strip, are characterized by smaller and more uniform precipitation.
For buildings with a higher number of floors, with weakened soils, different bearing capacities of the foundation under various parts of the erected structure and other man-made factors, a monolithic slab (solid foundation) under the entire structure is used as the foundation. Base plates are cut in the plan only by sedimentary seams, the plates ensure the rigidity of the building and the joint operation of the foundation and the above-ground part of the structure. Solid foundations dramatically reduce the unevenness of precipitation of individual parts of the structure.
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