Section 8. City Management System. Theme 18. Urban planning. Two models of urban planning regulation. Town planning law. Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation. Information support of urban planning

Definition: urban planning regulation (urban regulation) - the creation of conditions that stimulate or limit urban planning activity.

Currently, there are two fundamentally different models of urban planning regulation:

• “administrative” - based on administrative decisions and project regulation, involves the centralization of management and the concentration of resources.

• “legal” - based on economic and legal methods of urban planning regulation, implies the existence of an effective market mechanism and a democratic form of government.

In the process of the historical development of this or that state, we can trace the periods of concentration of management followed by periods of deconcentration, we can talk about ups and downs, strengthening or weakening of power, changing the “authoritarian-imperial” form of management to “market-democratic” (Fig. 220).

Fig. 222. The process of changing forms of management

(within the framework of the cyclic paradigm) by V.P. Blinkov

The form of government that prevails in society is transferred to the management of the city, which largely determines the character of the town planning activity. Large-scale urban projects can be implemented in the conditions of centralization of power and concentration of material resources. An example is the most ambitious architectural and town planning ensembles: the pyramids at Giza, the royal palace at Versailles, etc.

Administrative form of urban regulation

In the Soviet Union in the late 1920s. centralization of management, including urban planning, begins, the State Planning Committee and the system of local planning bodies are formed, economic sectors are headed by people's commissariats, the state gradually concentrates the main resources in its hands.

In the late 1930s. an administrative-command form of management of the national economy was formed, various forms of ownership and commodity-money relations in the economy were eliminated. The concentration of material resources in the hands of the state ends. The main goal of the development of territories is seen in the development of industry.

By the 1960s land rent disappears from urban practices, thus eliminating the mechanism for optimizing land use in cities. This is due to the beginning of large-scale industrial development of urban areas for mass residential construction.

In the USSR, the main subject of town planning activity is the state, town planning regulation is based on centralized planning (in the form of coordinated town planning documentation of all levels).

Administrative form:

• advantages: planning, orderliness, complexity.

• disadvantages: inflexibility (inertia), inefficient use of land resources.

Economic and legal form of urban regulation

A wide range of owners of basic resources (land, real estate, financial resources) acts as subjects of town planning activity. Urban planning activity is carried out by owners for personal or collective purposes.

Subjects of town planning activity: individuals and legal entities, public organizations, the state (municipality).

The main function of power is to harmonize private and public interests, to maintain a balance between the architectural planning idea, the interests of owners and solutions to the infrastructure problems of the city. Municipal authorities develop and implement urban planning policies in the interests of the entire municipal community. Urban planning documentation plays the role of a general strategy for the development of a city and determines the “rules of the game” for all subjects of urban planning activity.

Economic and legal form:

• advantages: flexibility, self-organization, efficient use of land resources.

• disadvantages: lack of planning and comprehensive development of the city, the emergence of conflicts in the collision of interests (private and public).

Town planning law

The main legal document determining (regulating) urban development activities in Russia is the Urban Development Code of the Russian Federation (adopted by the State Duma on December 22, 2004). The legislation on urban development consists of other federal laws and regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Laws and normative legal acts containing norms governing relations in the field of urban planning (Federal, RF constituent, municipal) cannot contradict the Urban Planning Code.

Basic principles of legislation on urban planning

• ensuring sustainable development of territories;

• participation of citizens in the implementation of urban development activities;

• Responsibility of public authorities for the provision of favorable conditions for human life;

• compliance with the requirements of technical regulations and safety;

• Compliance with the requirements of environmental protection and preservation of cultural heritage sites and protected natural territories;

• compensation for damage caused as a result of violations of the requirements of legislation on urban planning.

In accordance with the Urban Planning Code, the urban planning documentation of municipalities is divided into:

Information support of urban planning

Definition: information systems to support urban development activities (ISCAS) - a systematic collection of documented information on the development of territories, their development, land plots, capital construction objects and other information necessary for the implementation of urban planning activities (previously the term urban planning inventory was used).

The purpose of conducting ISCAS is to provide the authorities and local governments, individuals and legal entities with the information necessary for the implementation of urban planning, investment and other economic activities, land management.

ISCAS include:

• information on urban planning documentation, geodesic and cartographic materials, natural and man-made conditions (engineering surveys);

• information on seizure and reservation of land for state or municipal needs (servitudes);

• cases of built-up and subject to building land plots, etc.

Cases of built-up or subject to building land plots are opened for each land plot. In the case of built-up or subject to building land plot are placed:

• urban plan of the land plot;

• results of engineering surveys;

• project documentation;

• conclusion of state examination;

• building permit;

• act of acceptance of the capital construction object; • permission to commission the facility;

• other documents and materials.

ISCAS information is public and accessible, with the exception of restricted access information. Maintaining the ISCAS is carried out by local authorities by collecting, documenting, updating, processing, organizing, recording and storing information. Documenting of ISCAS is carried out on paper and electronic media.