The Peterhof ensemble (Appendix, fig. A 20) is located 29 km from St. Petersburg (Appendix, fig. B 7). It is a kind of hymn in honor of the victory of Russia in the Northern War. Peterhof Park consists of Lower (102 hectares) and Upper (15 hectares) gardens, united by a single dominant - the palace.
In the history of the creation of the park, there are 2 main periods: 1714–1725. (architects S. Braunstein, J.-B. Leblon, N. Michetti) - construction of a palace, park pavilions, a water system; 1747–1754 (architect V. Rastrelli) - reconstruction of the palace, backfilling of the bypass channel and creation of a fence around the Upper Garden.
As A. Benoit wrote, “Peterhof is often compared to Versailles, but this is due to a misunderstanding ... Peterhof gives a very special character to the sea. Peterhof was born from the foam of the sea, as if brought to life by the greatness of the mighty sea king ... Fountains in Peterhof are not an appendage, and most importantly. They are a symbolic expression of the water kingdom, a cloud of spray from the sea that splashes along the shores of Peterhof. ”
The upper garden was laid out in 1716 (garden master Garnichfelt). It has a three-part division of space, typical of the gardens of this time. The central part is a ceremonial orchestra (230 × 35 m) leading to the palace, framed on both sides by strips of bosquets. The composition of the Upper Garden is built on the static and secluded parade ground, located along the axis of the palace, and the Lower Garden, on the contrary, as it rushes to the sea, it is permeated with avenues - prospects to the Gulf of Finland, noisy cascades, jets of many fountains.
The layout of the Lower Garden took shape gradually, even fragmentary, but by the middle of the 18th century. the garden was a holistic ensemble. It includes a number of independent nodes, compositionally subordinate to the palace. The palace is located on the edge of the upper terrace, three planning beams converge to its foot from the shore of the Gulf of Finland: the central channel is a length connecting the Samson bucket to the sea, the west is connected to the Hermitage, the east is from Monplezir, and the side roads are doubled. At the western end of the garden there is the Marley ensemble with a small palace and a rectangular pond, from which along the lower terrace there are also three avenues: Malibanskaya (Marli - Monplaisir), Marlinskaya (Marli - Alexandria), Berezovaya (Marli - Chess Mountain and Roman fountains). The fountains Adam and Eve are installed on the Marly Alley at the intersection of the palace three-rays.
From the upper terrace of the palace, you can see the parquet carpets spread out at the foot (25 × 135 m) with wide bowls of Italian fountains, and through the green of the bosquets you can see the panorama of the Gulf of Finland, the Hermitage, Monplaisir, fountains.
Each area of the garden - an independent, unique ensemble. Cozy graceful Monplaisir with the Dutch garden (30 × 32 m stalls) and the embankment and the ensemble of the Cascade Chess Mountain and the Roman fountains opposed to it (60 × 50 m stalls). Marley with its ironic but exquisitely restrained palace, extensive water parterre (75 × 45 m), a fruit garden corner, protected from cold winds by an earthen rampart, the magnificent Golden Mountain cascade, and designer fountains (having a hollow stream up to 30 cm in diameter, beating on a height of 15 m), a semi-circular water reservoir (diameter 24 m) and the Hermitage.
Petrodvorets is a unique complex of water devices - a calm water surface (canals, pools), rising fountain jets, falling water in cascades. The central place is occupied by the Grand Cascade - a kind of pedestal on which the palace stands.
The cascade is a grotto and a terrace above it, on both sides of which are wide gilded ledges. Water flows down these ledges to the foot of the grotto, and from it - three steps into the basin of the Samson. The gigantic figure of Samson, tearing the lion's mouth, symbolizes the victory of Russian troops over the Swedes (sculptor M. I. Kozlovsky). The height of the fountain jet is 20 m. The terrace, ledges, the platform in front of the grotto are richly decorated with gilded sculpture, which allegorically reflects the patriotic idea of this ensemble, and at the same time Samson remains its culmination.
The ensemble used copies of antique statues and original works of the best sculptors of the time: M. Kozlovsky, F. Shubin, F. Shchedrin, I. Martos, M. Rachette. A. Leblon, I. Braunstein, N. Michetti, M. Zemtsov, the sculptor K. Rastrelli, the hydraulic engineer V. Tuvolkov, the fountain master P. Sualem, and others took part in the creation of the Grand Grotto. At the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries. The sculpture has been updated.
The fountains are installed at the intersection of roads, closing the prospects (Adam and Eve) or forming composite nodes (Pyramid, Sun, Managhernye, Roman). A special group consists of fountains - "crackers" (Umbrella, Oak, Divanchik). The fountains of Petrodvorets feed on the water of the gravity conduit (due to the slope of the terrain towards the sea), which unites 2 canals that collect water from the keys and small rivers of the Ropshinsky heights, 24 km from Petrodvorets. More than 2 thousand jets emit about 100 thousand m3 of water per day. The launch of the fountain system was carried out in 1721.
Of the other structures preserved aviary (poultry house) and Orangery. The width of the roads in the park is small - 2, 3 or 5 m, along which there were trellises. Curved roads are restored in the upper garden.
The garden was created on the basis of the existing woodland, and Peter I tried to preserve as much as possible the plantations. Pines, lindens, elms, spruces, maples, and fir were used in plantings. There were almost no exotics.
And now, when, in order to restore along the canal, spruce spruce was planted instead of spruce (planted in the 19th century) and young trees have already been raised, one can see how their strict, solemn and official structure destroys the original image of this part of the garden. According to the traditions of the Russian gardens, fruit orchards were planted in the Upper Garden bosquets. At present, deciduous trees prevail in plantations.
During World War II, the Peterhof ensemble was destroyed. After the war, architectural structures, fountains and sculptures recreated again. Restoration work is under way in the gardens, which has been especially intensive in recent years. The ensembles of the Upper Garden (author N. Kovalevsky) and Marly were restored. In the Lower Garden there is a replacement of plantings, restoration of the drainage system and roads.
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