Construction is one of the main sectors of the country's economy, ensuring the creation of new, expansion and reconstruction of existing fixed assets. Capital construction plays an important role in the development of all branches of production, increasing the productivity of social labor, raising the well-being and cultural standard of living of the people.
Modern domestic building production was created in the Soviet period. A legacy of tsarist Russia inherited a technically backward construction business, characterized by a large proportion of manual labor, the underdeveloped building materials industry, both in terms of production volume and product range,
seasonality, the lack of permanent construction organizations with their engineering and working personnel.
All these features, which characterize the weakness and technical backwardness of construction in Tsarist Russia, left their imprint on the development of construction in subsequent years.
In the first years of the Soviet government, work was carried out, as before the revolution, the trusts entered into contracts with seasonal artels of bricklayers, carpenters, and gangbangers (excavators with their own grabarks and carts for the removal of soil) and workers of other specialties.
In December 1917, during the formation of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), a Subdivision of generally useful state facilities was created within its structure, and in May 1918, a committee of state facilities (Commissoor) was organized as part of the Supreme Economic Council, which was given planning work production order.
The provincial departments of the committee, which included 135 construction companies, were organized on the ground. This system existed until 1922: although, along with state offices, private firms and artels continued to operate, in essence it was the unification of the entire construction business in one control center.
In 1920, the GOELRO plan was approved, which provided for those times the amount of construction completed ahead of schedule. The GOELRO Plan and the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars “On the Unified Construction Plan of the Republic” (1921) were the beginning of the long-term construction planning and creation of its material and technical base, they determined the general direction of the construction development on the basis of a gradual transition to an industrial basis.
In 1923, the All-Russian State Construction Office, Gosstroy, was established on the basis of an association of state organizations, under whose leadership hundreds of facilities were built in the main industrial areas of the country. Until 1927, more than 2,000 enterprises were built, including the Moscow Searchlight Plant, Balakhna Pulp and Paper Mill, Yaroslavl Motor plant and others. The scale of construction increased every year.
For the construction of such large plants, new contract construction trusts specializing in the construction industry were created - Yugstal, Metallurgstroy, Himstroy, Teplobeton, Tekstitlstroy, Vodokanalstroy, Stroitel (industrial construction in Moscow), Mosstroy (housing construction in Moscow), etc. With their organization Gosstroy was liquidated and the trusts were subordinated to the branch people's commissariat (ministries). Thus, the foundations of industry specialization in construction were laid.
By the end of the restoration period, new construction becomes predominant, design solutions are being improved, methods of conducting work are changing. Monolithic reinforced concrete structures are more widely applied and mechanized preparation of concrete mix is developed. Trusts get excavators, scrapers, mobile cranes and other mechanisms, but so far foreign production. Carpentry, forging-mechanical and reinforcing workshops are being constructed on construction sites. By this time, a private contract was kept to a minimum.
In 1927, a construction committee was created to entrust the approval of construction plans and general regulation.
The first five-year plan (1928-1932) caused a steep rise in construction, the volume of capital investments increased several times. DneproGES, Stalingrad Tractor Plant, GAZ and ZIL, Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combines are among the many giants of industry being built at this time. By the end of the five-year plan, more than three hundred construction trusts worked in the country.
In the second five-year period (1933-1937), the volume of capital investments more than doubled compared to the first, 4,500 enterprises were commissioned, including large thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, Novolipetsk metallurgical and Ural heavy engineering and other giants industry.
The transition to a contracting method of construction created the conditions for the formation of the construction industry of the national economy. During this period, issues of construction organization attracted the attention of the country's leadership. In 1931, for the first time in the country, a design and research institute on problems of technology and construction was organized - Giproorgstroy (now the central research institute for organization, mechanization and technical assistance to construction - CNIIOMTP), which issued the first regulatory document on the organization of construction - Materials on the design of organizations of work ". The first departments of building production are organized in universities.
In the late 30s, work began on the creation of a production and technical base. Production enterprises for the first time began to be created not as subsidiary, but as independent plants of the building industry.
Three and a half years before the war, 3,000 large enterprises were commissioned. In 1939, the first construction ministry in the history of the country was organized — the USSR Narkomstroy, which united the organizations of various departments and ensured a unified technical policy. A complete contract building system is being created.
Among the first events, Narkomstroy issued an Instruction on the development of plans (projects) for the production of works (1940). During this period, progressive methods of work production in industrial and residential construction are widely spread - engineering training projects, daily work schedules are being implemented, high-speed continuous-flow construction is carried out on a significant scale.
During the Great Patriotic War, in the most difficult conditions, the builders carried out a huge amount of work on the construction of defense enterprises in the east of the country. They built faster than before the war. Since 1943, the restoration of cities and enterprises in the liberated areas began. By the end of the war, 7,500 enterprises were restored and 3,500 enterprises were newly built. The work done by the builders during the war played an important role in defeating the enemy.
In the post-war period, the industry began to move from old semi-handicraft to industrial methods. A feature of this period is the nomination of precast concrete as the main structural material. The problem of industrialization of construction using prefabricated reinforced concrete as the main structures was actively studied before the war, but it was solved only in the 1950s.
Work is underway to generalize the methods of in-line construction, special attention is paid to questions of year-round work, winter work, and reducing the duration of construction.
In 1954, the country's leadership made a decision "On the development of the production of precast concrete structures and parts for construction," and in a number of subsequent decisions, ways were identified to accelerate the transformation of construction into the process of mechanized installation of buildings and structures from factory-made structures. Industrialization has become the main direction of technical progress in construction. The merit in this undoubtedly belongs to NS Khrushchev. The period that followed was essentially a time of a revolutionary leap in domestic housing construction. On the basis of prefabricated housing began a rapid growth in housing construction. The enormous scale of urban development, combined with a decisive turn to prefabricated buildings, created the conditions for the emergence of a fundamentally new type of organization based on combining industrial and construction activities - house-building factories (DSC) - a modern form of mass housing construction.
The so-called “Khrushchebs” at the present time are apartments in panel houses of five-storey buildings built in the 50s – 60s, with small rooms, 6 sq.m. kitchens. morally terribly outdated. We criticize them, but at that time, families living in barracks or communal apartments, receiving a separate apartment from the state, were extremely happy.
In the 60,70-ies the scale of construction increased rapidly, but in subsequent years the negative trends gradually increased in the economy. Despite a significant increase in fixed assets, the rate of growth of labor productivity slowed sharply with a faster increase in wages; decreased labor and production discipline; construction duration exceeded the standard two to three times; quality remained low; the number of low-powered construction organizations grew; The managerial apparatus and the cost of construction increased enormously.
The situation in the construction has become an obstacle in the social and economic development of the country. The measures taken did not provide a radical change.
At the beginning of perestroika (1986), attempts are being made to convert construction and installation organizations to full cost accounting and self-financing. However, the possibilities of a planned economy and political system have been exhausted. The transformations begun under the slogan of perestroika slipped, and the growing crisis led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. There was a deep decline in production and living standards of the population.
The cardinal reform carried out in the Russian Federation since 1992 dramatically changed the economic situation for the worse. Construction in Russia after many years of care of centralized planning and management has been thrown into an unregulated market space. The transition to new conditions of economic activity led to a decrease in all indicators in construction. This is due to the low investment activity in the sphere of material production, unsustainable financing, the rupture of economic and technological ties that existed for decades, unrestricted growth of all kinds of bureaucratic licensing instances and other objective and subjective reasons. The expectations of large-scale assistance to ongoing reforms by Western countries did not materialize.
The country has been undergoing a difficult social and economic transformation over the past 15 years. The construction industry, like many others, is in a critical condition. The degree of depreciation of fixed assets in the construction industry and the building materials industry exceeds 50%, and the introduction of new funds is only 1% (!), I.e. there is a reduction in capacity. The park of construction equipment is outdated, it is dominated by high-power equipment instead of small universal and special machines. In the construction of a once highly organized and law-abiding industry, the shadow sector and corruption grew.
Twice compared with 1990. The entry of housing has decreased. The situation is exacerbated by legal and administrative confusion and prohibitively heavy taxes that impede normal economic activity. The factors that impede normal activities in construction still include high taxes, administrative barriers, corruption, selectivity in the application of laws, insolvency of customers, and high cost of building materials. It is necessary to remove artificial barriers to the development of private business - debureaucratizing the system, reducing the number of licensing authorities and the bureaucracy that created them, and normalizing the procedures and terms of permits. The ongoing legal reform in the country and measures to improve the discipline and responsibility of state bodies should lead to positive results.
Since 1999, there has been a relative stabilization of the economy and a favorable trend in improving the main indicators of construction activities. The industry is gradually recovering from new economic principles. Large and medium-sized construction organizations that previously functioned as part of large multi-level hierarchical structures were transformed into joint-stock companies with partial state participation.
Construction has increased, compared with other sectors of flexibility, the ability to quickly expand the scope of construction and installation work, in relation to the needs of the national economy as a whole. This primarily refers to housing as the most effective way to bring the construction industry out of crisis. It is housing that can become the locomotive that pulls the production of furniture, timber, plastic and paint and varnish products, and after them engineering and other industries. It is necessary to restore pre-perestroika volumes (about 0.5 sq. M. Of living space per inhabitant per year) with an increase in quality up to modern requirements. These goals are served by the Federal Targeted Housing Program, where mortgage lending plays a crucial role.
Small enterprises are gradually being created in construction, at present they have completed about 1/3 of the contract work. Labor productivity on them exceeds the corresponding indicators for large and medium-sized businesses in construction by 90% (I believe that due to the deterioration of quality indicators, Smirnov). Forty defense industry enterprises were transferred to the production of modern construction equipment by a government resolution in order of conversion. However, the main task of the development of small and medium businesses is not solved.
Until now, leasing has not been widely developed, while in developed countries it is the most common mechanism for attracting investments for the renewal of fixed assets. With a relatively small funding, it allows you to quickly increase the fleet of machinery and equipment, to overcome the lag in the means of small-scale mechanization.
The harsh conditions of competition inherent in the market turn construction companies to the consumer. There was a need to study potential customers, inform them about their strengths and capabilities, and, having received an order, carefully examine suppliers and subcontractors. All this is a new area of activity for Russian builders - marketing.
As before, the traditional general contracting form of management prevails in Russia, while in the West professional project management begins to dominate, helping to eliminate the inherent fragmentation in stages of construction and ensuring a significant reduction in the investment cycle.
Russia has qualified personnel of engineers and workers who are not inferior in their technical knowledge to the builders of industrialized Western countries. But the leaders of domestic construction projects lack a legal and economic culture, clarity and punctuality in their work, knowledge and skills to use the capabilities of modern information technologies, which are the basis of management activities. For managers of the construction industry, it is not enough just to have engineering knowledge.
The organization of the construction industry will have to master modern methods of work in two main interrelated areas - computerization and professional management. The main idea of this experience is that production management is not a type of activity that can be performed by any person, but an independent separate profession that requires appropriate skills and knowledge. This is especially important for construction managers, where management, according to many experts, is on the verge of art, which future construction engineers have to master.
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