Definition: functional zoning - differentiation of the city territories by the nature of its use.
The division of the city into distinct functional areas was not always characteristic of the city, in pre-industrial cities one can observe spatial combination of functions. The emergence of a new principle of organizing a city (functional zoning) is associated with the industrial revolution in Europe.
For the first time, the principle of functional zoning was formulated by T. Garnier in 1903. The novelty consisted in a clear distinction between functions and processes in the city and, as a result, in new methods of organizing living space and transport and pedestrian traffic.
Garnier proposed spatially separate: housing, labor, recreation, training, movement (Fig. 75).
Fig. 75. T. Garnier, the project of an industrial city, "Rome Prize", 1903.
Gradually, the principle of functional zoning conquers the minds of professional architects and is adopted by town-planning theory and practice (Fig. 76).
Fig. 76. Functional-flow linear development scheme, N. Milyutin
A significant contribution to the theoretical development and popularization of functional zoning ideas was made by CIAM (International Congress of Modern Architecture):
• 1928 CIAM Congress, excerpt from the declaration: “... Urban planning - the organization of the functions of collective life ...”.
• 1933 CIAM Congress - the adoption of the Athens Charter, an excerpt from the declaration: “... Functional zoning is the main principle of urban planning ...”.
The principle of functional zoning involves the reduction of the whole diversity of processes occurring in the city to a generalized scheme (Fig. 77).
Fig. 77
Currently, the principle of functional zoning is enshrined in urban planning legislation and is used in urban planning practice.
Definition: functional zones - zones for which territorial planning documents define the boundaries and functional purpose (Fig. 78).
• residential (occupies about 50% of the city, in the residential area can be identified residential and public-business areas);
• industrial;
• warehouse;
• communal;
• zone of engineering and transport infrastructure;
• recreational.
Fig. 78. Territorial-spatial development of the main functional areas:
A- sectoral; B - parallel; B - two residential production complexes; D - in the group system of populated areas; 1 - production area; 2 - residential area
At the end of the twentieth century. The principle of functional zoning is criticized by specialists because of the inability to reflect the complexity of interactions within the city. Such criticism is due both to the elementary nature of the “work-life-rest” formula and the processes occurring in cities: the shift in the labor balance, the integration and the emergence of new functions, the development of the city vertically (vertical zoning), etc.
The functional model of the city does not take into account the distance (accessibility) from the city center and the intensity of the processes occurring in the territory. To overcome these shortcomings, the principle (model) of zone zoning has been proposed, which is intended to complement the functional view of the development of the city.
Definition: zone zoning - zoning on the intensity of the use of territories, the degree of saturation with its various functions (Fig. 79).
The central zone is the most multifunctional element, with a high concentration of various functions, the focus of public life in the city, the most intensively developed territory with a high town-planning value.
The periphery - the territory of the city, which is characterized by the lowest density and narrow set of functions, communication with the center is difficult (distance, natural or artificial barriers), the least intensively developed, with low urban value.
The middle zone is the density of functions and the intensity of development is less than in the central zone, but more than in the periphery.
Remote periphery - the minimum set of functions (suburban areas).
Fig. 79
As the city develops (territorial expansion or reconstruction), the zones of the belt zones are transformed. The change in the configuration of the borders of the belt zones is directly affected by the development of the planning structure (frame) of the city. Belt zones expand absorbing each other (central expands at the expense of the middle, middle at the expense of the periphery, etc.).
In the modern town planning legislation of the Russian Federation there is the concept of town planning zoning of the territory (Fig. 80). This type of zoning is intended to determine the nature of the future development of various areas of the city in order to ensure optimal functioning of the entire urban planning system. This type of zoning should reflect and take into account the maximum number of factors affecting the development of territories (Fig. 81).
Definition: urban zoning - zoning of the territories of municipalities in order to determine the territorial zones and establish town planning regulations;
Definition: territorial zones - zones for which the land use and development rules define boundaries and establish town planning regulations;
Definition: town-planning regulations - the types of permitted use of land plots established within the boundaries of the respective territorial zone, the limiting dimensions of the plots and the parameters of the permitted construction, reconstruction, as well as restrictions on the use of plots and capital construction objects;
Definition: land use and development rules - a city planning zoning document, which establishes territorial zones, town planning regulations, the procedure for applying such a document and the procedure for amending it.
Fig. 80. The zoning scheme of the territory of Novosibirsk, 2006.
Fig. 81. An example of the formation of the urban environment in an area with strict town planning regulations, Berlin, 1990s.
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