The following basic components of the architectural environment are distinguished in the architectural composition:
The volume and space is the goal and means of architectural composition. On the basis of the spatial arrangement of the forms, and also depending on the nature of their perception by the viewer, three main types of three-dimensional composition can be distinguished: spatial, three- dimensional, and frontal.
• Spatial composition is characterized by the dominance (predominance) of space over the elements that form it. In such a composition, the viewer perceives and evaluates mainly the quality of the spatial solution, and not the elements that organize the space. Elements of the composition (volumetric forms, surfaces) can develop and organize the perception of the viewer according to the depth, frontal or vertical coordinates. Spatial composition with a predominance of the depth coordinates is called depth-spatial and is perceived when the viewer moves in the main direction of space development. Spatial composition is the most complex, but at the same time, the most common type of composition in architectural practice, according to which patterns the space is organized, starting with small interiors and ending with extensive urban planning ensembles (Fig. 11).
• The volume composition has a relatively uniform development in three space coordinates (or with a predominance of the vertical coordinate) and, as a rule, is characterized by the closure of the surfaces of the elements organizing such a composition. The volume composition is perceived when the viewer moves around her (Fig. 12).
• The frontal composition is characterized by development along two frontal coordinates, horizontal and vertical, with a subordinate depth coordinate. The frontal composition is perceived by the viewer when moving along it or towards it. Such compositions in architecture are, as a rule, the facades of buildings facing the spaces of streets and squares, designed for perception from open spaces.
The composition of any architectural structure or complex of structures possesses the features and characteristics of its three specified types, with one or another domination in each specific case (Fig. 13).
Figure 11 - Depth-spatial composition
Figure 12 - Volume composition
Figure 13 - Frontal Composition
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