Section 6. Ecology of the urban environment. Theme 16. Environmental problems of large and largest cities. The main sources of environmental pollution. Architectural planning techniques for solving environmental problems of the city. Wind regime and

Definition: ecology - the science of relationships in nature, the relationship of living organisms with their environment.

The term "ecology" was introduced into scientific circulation by E. Haeckel in 1866, gradually the term lost its only, purely biological meaning. At present, ecology is not only a biological science, but also a socio-political, economic, geographical, pedagogical, etc. According to S. Schwartz (1974), ecology becomes the theoretical basis of human behavior in industrial society in nature.

The first wave of public concern about the state of the urban environment is associated with the rapid development of industry in the 19th century, the increase in the number of factories and plants in major cities, and the progressive pollution of the atmosphere, water, and soil. An increase in the number and density of the population and populated areas leads to an increase in the epidemiological risk and the degradation of nature over vast areas. In many areas of industrial cities in the late XIX - early XX century. an unfavorable sanitary-hygienic situation has developed (Fig. 199, 200).

Gradually throughout the twentieth century. Sanitary and hygienic (ecological) standards of the human environment are included in town planning practice in the form of norms and rules. The terms "ecology of the city", "urban planning ecology" appears and is fixed in a professional language in the second half of the twentieth century. Currently, “urban ecology” (urban ecology) is an independent section of a widely understood urban science.

Definition: urban ecology is a field of knowledge, the object of study of which is a person in an urbanized environment, human settlements in the natural environment and the relationship between the environment and man as a biological and social being (Fig.

201).

Fig. 201. Evaluation of the territory of the USSR on a complex of urban-ecological conditions.

urban ecological zones: 1 - the most favorable; 2 - favorable; 3 - limited-favorable; 4 - unfavorable; 5 - very unfavorable; extremely unfavorable; 7 - extreme; 8 - centers of group systems of populated areas. Two directions can be distinguished in the practical ecology of the city:

- reduction of the harmful effects of the anthropogenic (man-made) environment on the natural environment, in other words, the protection of nature.

Restoration of disturbed ecological balance;

- protection of man from the harmful effects of the environment, natural and man-made. Ensuring favorable living conditions.

In the process of urban planning at the stage of pre-project analysis, the state of the environment is necessarily investigated. At the same time, data of the actual state and regulatory documents of the SNiPs and SanPiNs are used. In the course of such a study, all factors that adversely affect the state of the environment are identified, sources of environmental pollution are established, areas favorable and unfavorable for living, etc. are determined. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis, a design decision is made, which includes measures to improve the habitat. In addition, at the stage of selecting alternatives and evaluating the adopted design decision, the impact of the project implementation on the ecosystem is predicted and investigated.

Types of environmental pollution:

The ecological assessment of territories takes into account the possibility of restoring ecological balance: airing, water purification (direction of flow), the presence of forests, etc.

Urban planning methods for solving environmental problems:

• rational zoning of the territory (residential, recreational and industrial areas);

• organization of the road network, taking into account the minimization of the harmful effects of road transport on the environment (reduction of regulated intersections, elimination of overruns, etc.);

• planning organization of building (insolation provision, consideration of wind conditions, noise protection, relief use, etc.);

• landscaping and landscaping (reclamation, phytomelioration, etc.).

Urban growth causes an increase in air and water pollution, the amount of solid waste and hazardous waste. New technologies in industry create the danger of massive dumping of chemical and radioactive waste. Solving these problems is possible thanks to waste-free technologies, i.e. the introduction of a system for processing industrial and household waste, their recovery and reintroduction into the production process; the formation of territorial-industrial complexes with a closed structure of the flow of raw materials and waste.

Distribution of the territory of Novosibirsk by the level of technogenic pollution

(according to the data of the West Siberian Center for Monitoring of Environmental Pollution)