The volume composition is determined not so much by the development of form in the coordinate directions, as by such a ratio of mass and space, in which it is the volume, its mass that prevails, and the space is compositionally subordinate to it. Determining the ratio of the mass of the volume and space is based on a visual comparison of these components.
There are three most typical types of bulk composition:
1. Volume composition is a relatively closed volume, subordinate to the form of one simple or complex geometric body. External space washes the form without penetrating into its mass. This type of volumetric composition includes many options that are similar in terms of subordinating the composition to one simple or complex geometric body, provided that the external space washes the volume from all sides.
Figure 21 - Interaction of mass of volumes and external space a, b - external space washes the volume from all sides
In the group of compositions of this type, two solutions are most characteristic: a) when the composition is subject to the shape of a single geometric body; b) when the composition is subject to the form of several volumes of the same or different geometrical type conjugated in the main part.
2. Volume composition is a combination of volumes subordinate to the form of several articulated geometric bodies. External space, penetrating into the mass of the structure, identifies elements that are interconnected. This type of bulk composition includes many solutions.
Figure 22 c, d - External space penetrates into the mass
Figure 23 - External space, penetrating into the mass, allocates volumetric elements interconnected, and the composition is subordinated to the combination of volumes:
And - developing in external space in a vertical direction; B - forming a closed atrium space; B - developing in the outer space in a horizontal direction and forming curds
In the group of compositions of this type there are three most characteristic solutions: a) when the composition is built on a combination of different volumes, developing in external space in the vertical direction; b) when the composition is built on a combination of different volumes that form a closed (atrium) space; c) when the composition is built on a combination of different volumes, developing in a horizontal direction, forming kurdonery.
3. Volume composition is a combination of several separate volumes (it is a transitional type from a volume composition to a spatial one). The outer space, washing every volume, obeys their mass. This type of volume composition combines a variety of solutions based on the principle of comparison of separate volumes provided that the intervolume space is subordinated to the mass of these volumes.
In the group of compositions of this type, two of the most characteristic solutions are distinguished: a) when the composition is built by comparing the separate volumes separated from the surrounding space by the material boundary, which is an element of this composition; b) when the composition of grouped volumes is located on a certain territory that does not have material boundaries. The most characteristic compositions of the third type are palace and monastic complexes, administrative centers of modern cities.
Figure 24 d, e - The outer space divides the volumes into independent elements of the composition.
There are structures in whose composition the ratio of the mass of the volume elements and the external intervolume space is in equilibrium, and it is impossible to determine unambiguously which group such a structure belongs to.
The process of building a volumetric composition can be divided into stages, depending on the degree of elaboration on the principle “from general to specific,” corresponding to the actual design process. Each stage fixes the qualitative level of construction and harmonization of the architectural form:
- determination of the ratio of the volume of elements and the external intervolume space. Here the type of volume composition is determined, the ratio of the mass of the volume and the external space is specified;
- determination of the ratio of volumes among themselves. Here the geometrical characteristics of the volumes are determined and refined, their interaction is harmonized;
- plastic surface development of volumetric elements.
Here the composition of the composition, the refinement of the form of the elements, the harmonization of the elements and details of the structure are carried out.
Comparing the three types of volumetric composition, it is easy to see that the compositional solution becomes more and more multi-layered as the activity of the intervolume space increases. If in composition 1 of type, harmonization is carried out mainly at the level of plastic development of volume surfaces, then compositions 2 and 3 of type first of all clarify the ratio of mass of volumes and intervolume space, then find the harmonious ratio of volume elements among themselves and, finally, plastically develop each volume in compositional relationship with the general decision of the artistic image. At each stage of building a composition, these or other composite tools become the most active. Thus, when determining the ratio of volumes and external space, the most actively used are “position in space” and “magnitude”; in the organization of architectural volumes - "symmetry", "asymmetry", "identity", "nuance", "contrast" and "geometric look"; in the plastic development of surfaces of architectural volumes - "proportions", "division", "color", "texture", "meter", "rhythm". However, all composite tools can be used at each stage of building an architectural form, for example, “proportions” can change when determining “value” and when choosing a “geometric look” of volume.
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