The creative activity of the architect consists in organizing a certain space for various social needs, both material and spiritual. Among the problems faced by the architect is the problem of composition, the creation of a harmonious, artistically expressive work.
Compositional mastery is the basis of the artist’s creative professionalism in any kind of art.
Composition is the most important factor of artistic expression.
Composition in art is understood as the structure (structure) of a work of art, the location of its main elements and parts in a certain system and sequence, that is, composition is the unity and integrity of the form of the work of art due to its content. Composition is considered in two interrelated manifestations: as a living process of artistic creativity, that is, the solution of a specific compositional problem, and how its implementation. Composition as an organization of the form of a work of art is inextricably linked to its content. The content of the form essentially distinguishes the realistic understanding of the composition from the idealistic, formalistic, where the formation of forms becomes an end in itself.
In all definitions of the composition, its main feature is constantly present - the integrity of the form. The integrity of the composition and the unity of its elements are manifested in such quality as harmony. The harmonized elements are intertwined with each other, in mutual proportionality. Each element is manifested not only in its own meaning, but also in its subordination to the holistic form. In this regard, the form acquires unity in the small and large. It lacks random elements and random links. Therefore, unity and integrity are considered as the basic law of composition. All the practice of world art in all its manifestations, including architecture, irrefutably proves the vitality of the law of unity and integrity of composition. At the same time, artistic experience has made it possible to make sure many times: in the absence of unity and integrity, the form loses its expressive properties, becomes aesthetically flawed (!).
The beginning of the structural unity of the form can be its solidity, the internal balance of the components. For example, simple geometric forms that are not divided into separate elements — a ball, a cube, a cone, a cylinder, etc., in their original completeness carry unity in themselves. However, artistic practice, including in the field of architectural creativity, is characterized by the achievement of compositional unity with a variety of components that are far apart in their external geometric forms and physical qualities. In this case, the way to solving compositional unity lies through subordination, that is, establishing unity and integrity through finding the connection between the main and secondary parts and elements, often through a combination of contrasting qualities. The composition establishes the following hierarchy of its constituent elements: leading, subordinate, accompanying, characterizing dynamic equilibrium.
One of the essential moments of the manifestation of the laws of compositional creativity is the dialectic of the connection between its objective and subjective sides. The objective beginning in the composition is found in the fact that the artistic content that the author embodies in the material of art is due to reality. The objective embodiment of an artistic idea requires submission to natural laws, materials technology, laws of plastic organization of form, objective properties of form and space, etc. It is impossible to ignore these fundamental objective requirements in art (!). At the same time, the compositional process is subjective in its content, since it is an act of manifestation of the will and creative aspirations of the artist as a concrete person. In the composition, the artist displays his own thoughts and feelings, his own possibilities for the structural organization of artistic material.
An architectural composition is a holistic, artistically expressive system of forms that meets functional and structural design requirements. The educational subject of the architectural composition is the study of factors influencing the construction of the architectural form. The focus of volume-spatial composition - factors related to the nature of human vision and the psychology of perception of architectural objects.
The composition determines the interaction of artistic means used in the work of architecture. The main architecture-specific means of artistic expression are the organization of space and the tectonics of limiting forms (tectonics is an artistically meaningful external expression of the construction and operation of the material). These two interrelated means — space and the shell that forms it — are inseparable in the product of architecture. The formation of space in architecture is subject to functional, technical, structural and aesthetic requirements. At the same time, aesthetic is not only an expression of an ideal, created by an epoch, society, but also a response to the psychophysiological patterns of human perception. These patterns determine the methods of organizing the form used in all periods of the development of architecture. These techniques include: symmetry and asymmetry, nuance and contrast, rhythm, the establishment of certain ratios and proportions between the parts and the whole. The character of figurative expressiveness is also influenced by the scale, that is, the perceived visually proportionality of the structure to man. Artistic means of architecture complement various methods of surface treatment of objects, its color, texture.
The construction of the system of spaces and tectonics are the main compositional means of architecture, directly related to the functional organization and construction of its works. Symmetry and asymmetry, nuance and contrast, rhythm, ratios and proportions of parts and the whole, color and texture of materials are the means used to organize the spatial form. With their help, it is brought into conformity with the psychophysiological patterns of perception, acquires aesthetic properties and artistic meaning.
→ Each of the artistic means of architecture does not have an independent value and cannot exist by itself - they receive meaning only in the composition system expressing the multilateral content of the work of architecture.
Composition is creativity, creation. You can not master the composition without gaining your own experience in it. The decisive role in mastering the fundamentals of three-dimensional composition is given to the practical method through the formulation and solution of creative tasks. The used volumetric-spatial forms in their geometric characteristics correspond to the appearance of the most common in architecture without indicating their specific functional content. To master the principles of three-dimensional composition, a model of fragments of an architectural environment is taken, as it were. This principle contributes to the study of general principles and patterns of aesthetic shaping and abstraction from the specific characteristics of individual architectural structures.
Thus, the basic principles for mastering the technique of three-dimensional composition are:
1) analysis of general compositional laws;
2) formulation of abstract creative tasks for the development of the allocated formal funds;
3) the use of prototyping as a form of solving tasks.
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